Management of dialysis and infusion data methods and apparatus

ABSTRACT

A networked patient care system includes an infusion pump communicatively coupled to a hospital network and configured to perform an infusion treatment on a patient, a dialysis machine communicatively coupled to the hospital network and configured to perform a dialysis treatment on the same patient, and a server communicatively coupled to the infusion pump and the dialysis machine via the hospital network. The server is configured to receive the infusion pump data, receive the dialysis machine, determine that the infusion pump data is related to the dialysis machine data, and determine a display device that is to receive the infusion pump data and the dialysis machine data. The server is further configured to transmit the infusion pump data and the dialysis machine data to the determined display device and cause the display device to display the infusion pump data and the dialysis machine data.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/218,542, filed Mar. 18, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/749,102, filed Dec. 30, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No.8,775,196, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 60/528,103, filed on Dec. 9, 2003. U.S. patent application Ser.No. 10/749,102, filed Dec. 30, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,775,196 claimsthe benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/528,106,filed Dec. 8, 2003, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/488,273, filed on Jul. 18, 2003, and claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/444,350,filed on Feb. 1, 2003, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/659,760, filed on Sep. 10, 2003, now U.S. Pat.No. 8,489,427 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/424,553, filed on Apr. 28, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No.7,698,156, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/135,180 filed on Apr. 30, 2002, now abandoned, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/059,929filed on Jan. 29, 2002, now abandoned. All of which are expresslyincorporated by reference and made a part hereof.

BACKGROUND

Patient care systems typically include computer networks, medicaldevices for treating a patient, and controls for the medical devices.Although patient care systems have improved through the use ofcomputerized automation systems and methods, patient care systemscontinue to rely heavily upon manual data management processes formedical devices and controls for medical devices. For example, nursingstations are typically connected to the computer networks in modernhospitals, but it is unusual for the computer network to extend to apatient's room. Computer networks offer the opportunity for automateddata management processing including the operating and monitoring ofmedical devices and controls for the medical devices at thepoint-of-care. Despite advances in the field, automated data managementtechnology has been underutilized for point-of-care applications due toa lack of more efficient systems and methods. As dependence on automatedtechnology grows, a need arises in providing users notificationsconcerning the operating status of system or subsystems, andalarm/alerts associated with the systems and subsystems.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides a system and method for reporting onnotifications and alert and alarm escalations on a communication systemwithin a healthcare environment.

According to one embodiment, a method for executing at least one of analarm or an alert escalation process within a healthcare environment isprovided. The process comprises: generating a signal that at least oneof an alarm or an alert condition exists for a specific patient;transmitting the signal relating to the alarm or alert condition to afirst clinician's device; indicating the alarm or alert condition on theclinician's device; operating a timer; and, escalating the signal if aresponse to the alarm or alert condition is not received prior to apredefined timer limit.

According to another embodiment, the alarm or alert condition signal issent to a charge clinician.

According to another embodiment, the alarm or alert condition signal isescalated by transmitting the signal to a second clinician's device.

According to another embodiment, the system transmits the signalrelating to the alarm or alert condition to a second clinician's deviceif the first clinician's device is not active, or if communication tothe first clinician's device is lost.

According to another embodiment, the system conducts a preconditioncheck prior to transmitting the signal to the first clinician's device.The precondition check may comprise at least one of the processes of:associating the patient with a medical device; associating the patientwith a clinician and identifying the clinician as a first clinician;associating the first clinician with a clinician's device; and,establishing a relationship between the patient, the medical device, thefirst clinician and the first clinician's device.

According to another embodiment, the system conducts a preconditioncheck prior to transmitting the signal to the second clinician's device.

According to another embodiment, the system provides for the chargeclinician to have the authority and capability to enable or disable theescalation process.

According to another embodiment, the system terminates the signalrelating to the alarm or alert condition to the clinician's devicesafter the alarm or alert condition is cleared.

Other embodiments, systems, methods, features, and advantages of thepresent invention will be, or will become, apparent to one havingordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings anddetailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems,methods, features, and advantages included within this description, bewithin the scope of the present invention, and be protected by theaccompanying claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention can be better understood with reference to the followingdrawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale,emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principlesof the present invention. In the drawings, like reference numeralsdesignate corresponding parts throughout the several views.

FIG. 1 is a simplified graphical representation of a patient caresystem. The patient care system includes a pharmacy computer, a centralsystem, and a digital assistant at a treatment location;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a computer system representative of thepharmacy computer, the central system, and/or the digital assistant ofFIG. 1. The system includes an infusion system or a portion thereof;

FIG. 3 is a simplified graphical representation of portions of thepatient care system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing functional components of the patientcare system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is an exemplar computer screen for implementing various functionsof the patient care system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing functional components of the infusionsystem of FIG. 2. The functional components include, inter alia, blocksfor setting infusion system parameters, infusion order creation,infusion order preparation, medication administration, infusion ordermodifications, and messaging;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing functional components for the settingof infusion system parameters of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing functional components for the infusionorder creation of FIG. 6;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing functional components for the infusionorder preparation of FIG. 6;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing functional components for themedication administration of FIG. 6;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing functional components for infusionorder documentation, infusion order modifications, and messaging of FIG.6;

FIG. 12 is a view of an emergency notification system, illustratingcommunication;

FIG. 13 is a view of an emergency notification interface from theperspective of a notifying party, illustrating the preferrednotification options made available to the notifying party by theemergency notification system;

FIG. 14 is a view of an emergency notification interface from theperspective of a target party, illustrating the preferred emergencyinformation received by the target party;

FIG. 15 is one embodiment of a flowchart of an alarm/alert escalationprocess;

FIG. 16A is a view of an alarm/alert interface screen;

FIG. 16B is another view of an alarm/alert interface screen;

FIG. 17 is another view of an alarm/alert interface screen;

FIG. 18 is a view of an interface screen from the clinician's handhelddevice;

FIG. 19 is a view of an interface screen of a login process;

FIG. 20 is a view of another interface screen of the login process ofFIG. 19;

FIG. 21 is a view of a unit selection interface screen;

FIG. 22 is a view of a shift selection interface screen;

FIG. 23 is a view of a patient view interface screen;

FIG. 24 is a view of a patient selection interface screen;

FIG. 25 is a view of a patient information menu interface screen;

FIG. 25A is a view of an allergies and height/weight interface screen;

FIG. 25B is a view of a medication history interface screen;

FIG. 25C is a view of a lab results interface screen;

FIG. 26 is a view of a medication delivery schedule interface screen;

FIG. 26A is another view of an interface screen of the medicationdelivery schedule process of FIG. 26;

FIG. 27A is a view of an interface screen of a workflow infusion stop;

FIG. 27B is another view of an interface screen of a workflow infusionstop;

FIG. 27C is a view of an interface screen of a workflow to resume aninfusion;

FIG. 27D is another view of an interface screen of a workflow to resumean infusion;

FIG. 28 is another view of an interface screen of the medicationdelivery schedule process of FIG. 26;

FIG. 29 is a view of a missed medication interface screen;

FIG. 30 is another view of the interface screen of FIG. 29;

FIG. 31 is another view of the interface screen of FIG. 29;

FIG. 32 is a view of a schedule interface screen;

FIG. 33 is a view of a medication interface screen;

FIG. 34 is a view of a scan interface screen;

FIG. 35 is a view of another scan interface screen;

FIG. 36 is a view of a medication administration interface screen;

FIG. 37 is a view of a route verification interface screen;

FIG. 38 is a view of a scan pump channel interface screen;

FIG. 38A is a view of another scan pump channel interface screen;

FIG. 39 is a view of a comparison interface screen;

FIG. 39A is another view of a comparison interface screen;

FIG. 40 is another view of a comparison interface screen;

FIG. 41 is another view of a comparison interface screen;

FIG. 42 is another view of a comparison interface screen;

FIG. 43 is a view of a pump status interface screen;

FIG. 44 is a view of a flow rate history interface screen;

FIG. 45A is a view of a communication loss interface screen;

FIG. 45B is a view of a communication loss interface screen;

FIG. 46 is a view of a low battery interface screen;

FIG. 47 is a view of a hub;

FIG. 48 is a view of a variety of icons utilized in the interfacescreens;

FIG. 49 is a view of a record administration results interface screen;

FIG. 50 is a view of a medication order having a monitoring parameterlink;

FIG. 50A is a view of a monitoring parameter entry interface screen;

FIG. 51 is a view of a cycle count interface screen;

FIG. 52 is a flowchart of an order comparison process;

FIG. 53 is a schematic diagram of a flow control system where amicro-electromechanical system (MEMS) element is connected to a lineset;

FIG. 54 is a simplified block diagram of software components loaded onthe first central computer of FIG. 3;

FIG. 55A-FIG. 55C is a flowchart of an example administer infusionprocess;

FIG. 56 is a flowchart of an example channel scanning process;

FIG. 57A-FIG. 57B is a flowchart of an example change pump channelprocess;

FIG. 58 is a flowchart of another example channel scanning process;

FIG. 59 is a flowchart of yet another example channel scanning process;

FIG. 60 is a flowchart of an example stop/discontinue infusion process;

FIG. 61 is a flowchart of an example resume infusion process;

FIG. 62 is a flowchart of an example remove pump process; and,

FIG. 63-FIG. 69 is a flowchart of an example authentication process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many differentforms, there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described indetail a preferred embodiment of the invention. The present disclosureis to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of theinvention and is not intended to limit the broad aspect of the inventionto the embodiment illustrated.

FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of a patient care system. In oneembodiment, the patient care system 100 includes a pharmacy computer104, a central system 108, and a treatment location 106, linked by anetwork 102. The patient care system 100 also includes an infusionsystem 210, also referred to as a healthcare system, as shown in FIG. 2.Infusion system 210 is a medication system preferably implemented as acomputer program, and in particular a module or application (i.e., aprogram or group of programs designed for end users), resident on one ormore electronic computing devices within the patient care system 100. Asdescribed in detail further herein, the infusion system 210 linksclinicians, such as physicians, pharmacists, and nurses, in aninterdisciplinary approach to patient care.

Overall System

Turning to FIG. 3, the patient care system 100 can include a pluralityof medical 30 devices 120. In one embodiment, the medical device is aninfusion pump 120. Further, in another embodiment the medical device isa controller for an infusion pump. For ease of reference, thisdisclosure will generally identify the medical device of the system asan infusion pump, however, it is understood that the overall system 100may incorporate any one or more of a variety of medical devices.Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 3, a plurality of infusion pumps 120 isconnected to a hub or interface 107. As explained in detail furtherherein, the infusion pumps 120 can be of conventional design whereineach infusion pump 120 is associated with a patient. However, as will beappreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art, the infusionpumps 120 shown in FIG. 3 do not have to be associated with the samepatient or treatment location even though the infusion pumps areconnected to the same hub 107. Moreover, each infusion pump 120 can be asingle channel pump or a multiple channel pump, such as a triple channelpump. Typically, the pumps transmit messages containing pump statusinformation on a periodic basis to the hub 107. A separate hub 107 canbe used apart from the medical device 120 in order to centralizecommunications, for cost efficiencies, and/or to allow for retrofittingof existing medical devices that do not currently communicate with acentral computer system 108 so that each such medical device cancommunicate with a central computer system 108.

Communication Hubs of the Overall System

In an embodiment, the serial port or other I/O port of the infusionpumps 120 is connected to the hub 107 using a conventional non-wirelesstransmission medium 105 such as twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiberoptic cable, or the like. Preferably, the hub 107 can connect to aplurality of infusion pumps 120 or just a single pump, through a one-wayserial communications link 105. The hub 107 provides for receivingsignals from the connected pumps and regenerating the received signals.In particular, the received signals from the pumps 120 are converted bythe hub 107 into a format suitable for transmission onto the systemnetwork 102 via wireless communication path or link 128 and cablecommunication system 110. Typically, the hub 107 sends pump data to thesystem network 102. The hub 107 may also filter incoming informationfrom the pumps 120 to reject duplicate messages.

Additionally, the hub 107 allows pump status information to be viewedremotely on a clinician's 116 digital assistant 118. Typically, the hub107 sends pump data whenever the hub 107 is connected to the pump 120and both the hub 107 and the pump 120 are turned on. As explained indetail herein, the hub 107 also provides for allowing comparisons ofpharmacy-entered orders to the pump settings. In a preferred embodiment,the hub 107 is connected to the IV pole holding the pumps 120, or thehub 107 is incorporated into the infusion pump 120 to create anintegrated medical/communications device as identified above.

One embodiment of a hub 107 is shown in FIG. 47. In this embodiment, thehub 107 includes pump port indicators 411 for up to 4 pumps, a loss ofwireless signal indicator 413, a low battery indicator 415, an alertmute key 417, an on/off key and indicator 419, and a charging indicator421. The pump port indicators 411 provide a status indicator for each ofthe hub's 107 pump ports. The indicator light shows that thecorresponding pump port is properly communicating with the network 102.When the indicator light is not lit, however, this indicates that thecorresponding pump port is not connected to the pump 120 or the port isnot communicating from the pump 120 to the network 102. The loss ofwireless signal indicator 413 indicates that the hub 107 cannotcommunicate with the network 102 over the wireless link. If a loss ofwireless signal occurs, each of the pump port indicators 411 will alsoturn off, indicating that the hub 107 is not communicating with thenetwork 102. If a loss of wireless signal occurs, the hub 107 willcommunicate this event to the system network 102 and the centralcomputer system 108 and server 109 for eventual transmission to theclinician 116. The alert mute key 417 allows the clinician 116 totemporarily silence all audible alerts from the hub 107. Alternateembodiments of the communications hub include a single dedicatedwireless module physically within the pump, or a separate module usingwireless communications to reach both the pump and server.

Additionally, in an alternate embodiment, the hub 107 may be optionallyincorporated into the infusion pump 120 to create an integratedmedical/communications device. The combination hub/medical device wouldstill function identically with respect to each other.

Access Points of the Overall System

As shown in FIG. 3, a plurality of access points 114 within thehealthcare facility provides an interface between the wirelesscommunication paths and the cable communication system. Preferably, whenthe system network 102 is unavailable, the hub 107 stores the signalsreceived from the pumps 120, and then transmits the converted signals tothe system network 102 once the system network becomes available. In apreferred embodiment, communication between the hub 107 and the accesspoints 114 is unidirectional from the hub 107 to the access point 114and ultimately the network 102. As such, in the present embodiment theinfusion pumps 120 can transmit data to the network 102; however, thenetwork 102 cannot transmit data to the infusion pumps 120. It isunderstood, however, that in alternate embodiments also disclosedherein, communication between the hub 107 and the access points 114 isbidirectional. Accordingly, in these embodiments data and otherinformation may be transmitted from the network 102 to the infusionpumps 120. In either case, the information transmitted between thenetwork 102 and the hubs 107 is encoded for security purposes.

Central System Servers/Computers of the Overall System

Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 3, the central system 108 can include oneor more servers or computers. While this disclosure refers generally toservers 109, 108 a, it is understood that these components may benon-server computers. Preferably, but not necessarily, the centralsystem 108 can include a first central server or computer 109 and asecond central server or computer 108 a. In one embodiment, a separatecommunication system 103 may be provided for communication between thefirst central server 109 and the second central server 108 a. In apreferred embodiment, the separate communication system 103 is anisolated point-to-point cable communication Ethernet network. Becausethis communication system 103 is an isolated point-to-point systemconnection, the data communicated between the two servers 109, 108 a istypically not encrypted. Typically, the communication system between thetwo servers 109 and 108 a allows for bi-directional communication.

As explained in detail herein, the first central server or computer 109has a first database 10 and a first functional feature set associated todata and functions related to the medical device and the user interface.The medical devices 120 and user interface 118 generally communicatedirectly with the first central computer 109. Further, as explained indetail herein, the second central server or computer 108 a has a seconddatabase and a second functional feature set. The first central computer109 is securely connected to the second computer 108 a, and the medicaldevices 120 and user interfaces 118 do not communicate directly with thesecond central computer 108 a. The user interface 118 can receive datafrom the second database relating to the second functional feature setof the second central computer 108 a through the first central computer109.

The second central server 108 a, and its software sub-system, typicallyinterface with a pharmacy system to provide information on drugs,patients and to provide the nurses and other clinicians with a typicalworkflow. The second central server 108 a also interfaces with the firstcentral server 109 to provide information on patients, nurses,clinicians, orders and associations between digital assistants 118 andclinicians. Some of the other functions of the second central server 108a can include patient management, item management, facility management,messaging, reporting/graphing, and various interfaces to other systems.

In particular, patient management refers to the general informationabout each patient that comes into a hospital or facility. Thisinformation is maintained along with information specific to each visit,and generally includes demographics, allergies, admission date,discharge date, initial diagnosis, room, bed, etc. Additionally,information about each of the medications which have been prescribed,scheduled, and administered is maintained by the second central server108 a. Functionality of the patient management function also includesprior adverse reaction checking, drug interaction checking, duplicatetherapy checking, dose checking and drug-disease contraindications.

Item management refers to the information about each drug that isavailable in the facility. This information is managed and maintainedwithin the second central server 108 a. Such information includes drugname, strength, therapeutic classification, manufacturer, etc. Further,the second central server 108 a maintains a perpetual inventory of theitem contents of the medication depots and other smart storage locationson a real-time basis. The second central server 108 a assists inproviding for updates to be made as the depot is replenished and asdoses are administered or disposed.

Facility management refers to the information that describes the overallfacility. This information is managed and maintained within the secondcentral server 108 a of the system 210. This information includes: aphysical breakdown of the facility into buildings, floors, units, roomsand beds; a list of programs and services that are offered and wherethey are offered; an identification of storage units where drug andsupply items are stored and the locations they are intended to serve.

Messaging refers to the functionality of the second central server 108a, wherein the second central server 108 a provides a communicationslink between the pharmacists and the clinicians. The second centralserver 108 a allows for standardization of dosage and specialadministration instructions, and automatically sends notification ofmissing doses. Reporting and graphing refers to the availability of anumber of operational and management reports which can be run on requestor on a scheduled basis by authorized users of the system 210.

The second central server 108 a also has various interfaces, such as: anADT interface, a billing interface, a discrete results interface, adocuments results interface, a formulary interface, a pharmacy ordersinterface, a Point of Care medication management interface and aninventory interface. These interfaces are explained in greater detailinfra, however, a brief explanation is provided immediately below. TheADT interface refers to the facilities admission, transfer and dischargesystem (ADT). This system typically also operates the registration ofpre-admittance and outpatients. The discrete results interface refers toan interface with laboratory results. Generally, after the lab resultsand ancillary orders are entered into an external lab informationsystem, the discrete results interface or lab interface within theengine transfers this data to the second central server 108 a. Once thelab results are saved in the second central server 108 a, a user canview them from the handheld device 118, the Computerized Physician OrderEntry (CPOE) system, and the second central computer 108 a mainapplication. Lab interfaces are available for at least four interfaces:radiology lab interface, microbiology lab interface, biochemistry labinterface, and pathology lab interface. These interfaces can beconfigured to operate either on four different ports or on the sameport. The document results interface generally refers to the secondcentral server 108 a accepting radiology and pathology reports. Theformulary interface generally refers to the second central server 108 abeing able to accept master file notifications to synchronize anexternal systems drug file. Changes to a formulary will trigger anoutbound transaction from the server 108 a to an external third-partysystem. The pharmacy orders interface provides for allowing medicationorders to be sent to external third-party systems. The inventoryinterface provides for accepting pharmacy inventory changes fromexternal third-party systems. Additionally, cart depot interfaces areavailable with the present system 100. The second central server 108 astores order and drug file changes in the server database, which thensends this information to any third-party cart interfaces. Thethird-party cart interface within the HL7 engine processes thisinformation into HL7 MFN and RDE messages. The MFN message contains thedrug file information and the RDE contains the patient ordersinformation. The HL 7 engine then transmits these messages to thethird-party cart server. The HL7 engine also receives HL7 formatted DFTmessages from the third-party cart server. The DFT message containsbilling information for medication administration. The HL 7 engineprocesses this information and then sends it to the second centralserver 108 a, which can then pass this information to a billingapplication. The billing application may then calculate patient chargesand invoice the patient. The billing interface refers to an interfacewith the patient charging software. The billing interface supports theoptional use of billing algorithms to calculate charges. The billinginterface processes internal transactions, as well as external inboundtransactions from third-party systems. The billing interface provides anHL 7 interface between the second central server 108 a and thehospital's third-party financial system. The billed quantity may be sentdirectly, or patient charges may be calculated by the billing interfaceto send to the hospital's third-party financial system. The informationis sent in real-time via HL7 messages. The Point of Care interfaceconsists of web service communications which integrate informationregarding point of care medication management for non-infusion relateddata. These data are communicated in real-time in order that the userinterface can integrate medication management for infusion related andnon-infusion related medications.

Conversely, the first central server 109 has software loaded andconfigured for sending and receiving data to and from multiple hubs 107,multiple digital assistants or user interfaces 118, and with the secondcentral server 108 a. As explained in detail below, the first centralserver 109 may perform several functions, including, but not limited to:comparing prescription parameters as received from server 108 a to theapplicable programmed pump settings received from the hub 107 system;relaying notifications and messages to the digital assistants 118;relaying alarm and alert information received from the hub 107 system tothe appropriate digital assistant 118; relaying pharmacy and patientinformation as communicated from the server 108 a to the appropriatedigital assistant 118; and compiling pump status and alarm monitoringdata and relaying this data to server 108 a on a periodic basis. Ifrequired, the operations performed by the server 109 are compliant withthe Health Insurance Portability Act of 1996 (August 21), Public Law104-191. Typically, the data resident in the first central computer orserver 109 is an intersection with the data resident in the secondcentral computer or server 108 a. Server 109 contains a subset of thedata contained in server 108 a that is required to perform itsfunctionality. Server 109 also contains data relating to the systemnetwork 102, hubs 107 and infusion pumps 120 that are required toperform its functionality. As explained above, such data is generallythat data required for the functions or performance of the digitalassistants 118 and medical devices 120.

In one embodiment, a cost-effective integration of medical devices 120or other devices and functionality with the hospital information systemsin the first and second central computers 109, 108 a is provided byisolating a subset of the total data mentioned above, such as patientsafety-specific information, and locating such information andfunctionality in a validated/verified part of the system. In thiscontext, an FDA regulatory context, verified means providing objectiveevidence that all requirements are tested and validated means providingobjective evidence that the product meets customer needs. In the presentembodiment, the validated part of the system is located within the firstcentral computer 109. In one embodiment, the subset can include infusionpump generated alarms and/or alerts and/or medical device 120/infusionpump 120/controller 120 programming or operating parameter information.This subset is isolated and located in the validated part of the system,within the first central computer 109, and the remaining portion of theoverall data is maintained in the database in the non-validated portionof the system, within the second central computer 108 a. The validateddatabase located at the first central computer 109 and non-validateddatabase located at the second central computer 108 a are kept in syncusing Web services replication, as will be better understood by one ofordinary skill in the art from the details provided below. An alternateembodiment may include both the validated and unvalidated portions ofthe system residing on a single computer and functionally separated bymeans of a software firewall (e.g., operating system features or otherOTS software). As will be described below, the “syncing” may beperformed periodically based on time intervals, other predeterminedtimes, and/or as needed when important data, such as patientregistration status, changes occur. At intervals, a fresh new copy ofthe replicated data is sent to the other central computer, and validatedfirst central computer 109 replaces its local copy with the new copy.When critical information changes, the change is propagated immediatelyto the validated first central computer 109 and processed as a changerather than as a replacement of the existing information. Thus, aportion or all of the subset located at the database at the firstcentral computer 109 also exists at the second central computer 108 a,as will be understood from the details provided herein. This processwill be better understood with reference to the details provided below.Thus, by localizing a subset of the database, such as the patientsafety-specific data at the first central computer, at least the cost ofsystem development is further optimized, and integration withthird-party non-validated systems and the respective data andinformation therein is made more time and cost effective.

In one embodiment, the first central computer 109 can comprise avalidated server, such as a Compaq DLG-380 with Windows 2003 Server OS,running Active Directory for user and device authentication, CertificateAuthority for issuance of server and client certificates, SQL Server2000 for temporary data storage, Internet Information Server (IIS) forapplication hosting (Web Services and Web pages). The second centralcomputer 108 a can comprise a non-validated Server, such as an externalHospital Information System (HIS) Server connected through a dedicatedEthernet TCP/IP connection 103 accessing a data replication Web serviceexposed by the validated server at the other end of the dedicatedconnection. The second central computer 108 a can alternatively comprisesoftware for performing one or more of the various functionalitiesdescribed in general herein, such as a pharmacy and other systems. Thus,the second central computer and can comprise these types of functionsand have an interface with other systems, such as an external HospitalInformation System (HIS) Server. The first central computer (i.e.,server 109) includes a database containing a data storage package orfirst database. In an embodiment, the first database can be external orinternal to the first central computer 109, but preferably is onlyaccessible to users of the application 5412, as shown in FIG. 54, loadedon the first central computer. The data tables within the first databaseare used within the use cases described further herein. Preferably, thedata tables include tables related to medical devices, digitalassistants, hubs, patients, clinician, prescriptions, titration,comparison information, alarms, and escalations. Moreover, medicaldevice tables can include tables related to pump, pump channel, pumpsub-channel. Also, alarm tables can include tables related to hubalarms, pump alarms, channel alarms, an alarm history log, and the like.

In an embodiment, each table can include a key wherein data within thetable is responsive to the key. For example, a key to a table regardinga pump channel information log can be a pump channel log identificationwherein, in response to the key, table data is provided regarding thechannel identification, pump rate, dose mode, dose, volume remaining,primary volume infused, and the like. Moreover, the tables can belinked. For instance, a patient table having patient information can belinked to a clinician table which can be linked to a digital assistanttable.

The patient care system 100 of FIG. 3 can be divided into a hubsubsystem, a first central computer or server subsystem, a medicaldevice or pump subsystem, a second central computer or server subsystem,and a personal digital assistant (PDA) subsystem. The hub subsystem andthe first central computer subsystem are discussed in detail furtherherein. Turning to the medical device subsystem, this subsystempreferably includes one or more medical devices 120 such as infusiondevices for allowing delivery of medication to a patient wherein statusand infusion information for each infusion device is transmittedperiodically from a communication port associated with each device.

Generally, the second central computer subsystem is a server 108 ahaving computer hardware and software for interfacing with a pharmacysystem to provide information regarding drugs, patients, and typicalnurse workflows. The server 108 a can also have various otherapplications as previously discussed herein, such as an interface to aHospital Information System (HIS). Preferably, the second centralcomputer interfaces with the first central computer subsystem to providethe first central computer with information regarding patients, nurses,orders, and the association between a personal digital assistant and anurse or clinician.

In one embodiment, a central computer has at least two environments: avalidated environment and a non-validated environment. The validatedenvironment may have a first operating system with a set of applicationsand a first database. The first database may have a first functionalfeature set associated with certain data therein. In one embodiment,this functional feature set has functions related to the medical deviceand the user interface for the medical device. The medical device anduser interface communicate directly and securely with the validatedenvironment. The non-validated environment may have a second operatingsystem with a set of applications and a second database. The seconddatabase may have a second functional feature set associated withcertain data therein. Typically, there is a logical separation betweenthe validated environment and the non-validated environment. The userinterface can receive data from the non-validation portion of thedatabase relating to the second functional feature through validationportion of the system. In one embodiment, the validation portion isseparated from the non-validation portion by a logical separation orfire wall, which may be implemented in software. Various software, suchas VMware and Virtual PC, are examples of emulation software thatemulates multiple environments on the same server. In anotherembodiment, the validation portion may be on the first central computer109, and the non-validation portion may be on the second centralcomputer 108 a. In another embodiment, the central computer comprises afirst server and a second separate server. The first and second serversare separated by a fire wall, and the central validation portion of thecentral computer resides in the first server, and the secondnon-validation portion of the central computer resides on the secondserver.

Preferably, as explained in detail elsewhere herein, the personaldigital assistant subsystem includes one or more small portable devices118 that provide clinicians and nurses 116 (FIG. 1) with remoteinformation regarding: their patients˜the status of infusions includingthe relay of alarms and alerts information; and infusion comparisonresults. As discussed herein, the first central computer is operablyconnected to one or more personal digital assistants 118 within the PDAsubsystem. In an embodiment, the personal digital assistants are WINDOWSCE.NET based and used as a clinician terminal device. In particular, thepersonal digital assistant can be operably connected to the firstcentral computer through a secure PKI-authenticated wireless LAN(802.1x) connection, as explained in more detail herein.

The hub subsystem preferably includes components such as one or morehubs 107 for receiving data from the medical devices 120, transmittingthe pump data to the first central computer subsystem 109, and detectingconditions that can effect data communications with one or more hubs.

As indicated previously, in an embodiment, a hub 107 within the hubsubsystem interfaces with up to four infusion devices 120 through aone-way serial communications link 105 wherein the infusion devicestransmit messages (i.e., packets of data) containing pump statusinformation on a periodic basis to the hub. Alternatively, the packetscan be transmitted based on user defined criteria such as regular timeintervals, event occurrences, a combination of time intervals and eventoccurrences, or the like.

Each hub 107 within the hub subsystem filters incoming information toreject duplicate messages, stores, and then forwards the pumpinformation to the first central computer subsystem utilizing, in anembodiment, a built-in wireless network transceiver. In an embodiment,the pump information is not forwarded unless the data received from themedical device has changed.

The transceiver built into a hub 107 routes the outgoing information toa wireless access point 114 which in turn routes it to the first centralcomputer 109 using the wired Ethernet subsystem 110. This outgoinginformation preferably contains XML encoded data formatted as SOAPmessages specifically designed to be received by a web services type ofsoftware interface.

As will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art, theterm “XML” refers to a system for organizing and tagging elements of webdocuments wherein, with XML, customized tags can be created for enablingthe definition, transmission, validation, and interpretation of databetween applications and between systems or subsystems. Moreover, asused herein, the term “web services” refers to integrating web-basedservices using XML and SOAP wherein the term “SOAP” is a messagingprotocol used to encode the information in web service request messagesand response messages before sending them over the network orcommunication path.

The first central computer subsystem preferably consists of a server 109with a software application loaded and configured for sending andreceiving data to and from multiple hubs 107, multiple digitalassistants 118, and the second central computer sub-system comprisingserver 108 a.

Turning to FIG. 54, server 109 is preferably a COMPAQ DLG-380 with aMICROSOFT WINDOWS 2003 Server operating system 5414. In one embodiment,software components that are loaded within the memory of the firstcentral computer 109 include a first central computer or serverapplication 5412 within a NET framework 5416, an Active Directory DomainService 5418 for users and device authentication, an SQL Server 5420(show as a database) for temporary data storage, and InternetInformation Server 5422 (IIS) for application hosting. The NET framework5416 is preferably Microsoft NET framework 1.1 or greater wherein theNET framework connects the first central computer application 5412 tothe operating system, Internet Information Server 5422, SQL Database5420, and Active Directory Domain Service 5418 components. As will beappreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art, the ActiveDirectory Domain Service 5418 provides services utilized by the WindowsServer Operating System 5414 and the first central computer application5412 to assist in ensuring that only authentic and authorized hubsubsystem, second central computer subsystem and users of the personaldigital assistant subsystem have access to the first central computerand thus the first central computer application 5412.

In an embodiment, the first central computer (i.e., server 109 of FIG.3) performs several functions that include: 1) comparison of theprescription parameters as received from the second central computersubsystem to the applicable programmed pump setting received from thehub subsystem and/or program the pump; 2) relay of alarm and alertinformation received from the hub subsystem to the appropriate personaldigital assistant 118 (FIG. 3); 3) provision of pump status and flowrate history information to the appropriate personal digital assistant118; 4) relay of pharmacy and patient information as communicated fromthe second central computer 108 a (FIG. 3) to the appropriate personaldigital assistant 118; and, 5) compilation of pump and alarm monitoringdata and relaying of this data to the second central computer 108 a on aperiodic basis.

The first central computer preferably includes a plurality of externalsoftware component interfaces. In an embodiment, three of theseinterfaces can be classified as “incoming interfaces” that receiveincoming HTTP request messages and then issue outgoing HTTP responsemessages. The remaining two interfaces can be classified as “outgoinginterfaces” that either send HTTP request messages or XML formattedresponse messages as explained below. As used herein, the five softwareinterfaces are referred to as the DatabaseRefreshListener incoming andoutgoing interfaces, the RoutePDA incoming and outgoing interfaces, andthe PumpDataListener incoming interface.

In an embodiment, four of the external software component interfaces arepaired to create two distinct bi-directional communication channelsbetween the first central computer 109 and the second central computer108 a of FIG. 3. The first channel includes both theDatabaseRefreshListener incoming and outgoing interfaces pairedtogether. Accordingly, the first channel is referred to herein as“DatabaseRefreshListener,” and is utilized by the second centralcomputer 108 a for periodic synchronization of data in its databasetables with data located in the first central computer's databasetables. Using the DatabaseRefreshListener channel, the second centralcomputer 108 a updates the first central computer's database tables bysending XML encoded data formatted as SOAP messages to the first centralcomputer's web services type of interface. Similarly, the second centralcomputer 108 a updates its own database table by sending XMLencoded-requests for data to the first central computer's web servicestype of interface which in turn triggers the first central computer 109to respond with XML encoded data. As indicated above, the incominginterface portion of the DatabaseRefreshListener channel is utilized bythe second central computer for updating of database tables located inthe first central computer with data from second central computer'sdatabase tables. Moreover, the outgoing portion of theDatabaseRefreshListener channel is utilized by the second centralcomputer for updating its own database with data from the first centralcomputer's database tables. Preferably, the DatabaseRefreshListenerincoming interface contains several web service methods named“RefreshXXX” where “XXX” corresponds to the type of data beingtransferred.

In an embodiment, these methods receive incoming HTTP request messagescontaining XML encoded data formatted per the SOAP protocol. The XMLencoded data is structure in a form that corresponds to rows in adatabase table. For example, the method “RefreshUsers” receives datastructures consisting of pairs of user names and user passwordscorresponding to rows in a database table that contains user name anduser password columns.

As shown in FIG. 54, the incoming messages are routed via the InternetInformation Server and the NET framework components to the application5412 loaded on the first central computer (i.e., server 109 of FIG. 3).The first central computer application 5412 utilizes the ActiveDirectory Domain Service 5418 to verify that the second central computermessage is authentic, processes the contents, and then stores theresulting data in the SQL server database component 5420. Theapplication 5412 loaded on the first central computer then responds tothe second central computer by issuing an HTTP response method that isrouted via the NET framework component 5416 and internet informationserver component 5422 to the second central computer. This responsemessage indicates the success or failure of the data transfer andprocessing.

Preferably, the DatabaseRefreshListener incoming interface isasynchronous in nature, thus decoupling the second central computer fromthe first central computer to the extent practical. This decouplingallows the second central computer to be programmed for continued dataprocessing while waiting for responses and for responding to losses incommunication in a manner that is under program control. Moreover, theDatabaseRefreshListener incoming interface can also contain a web methodfor use by the second central computer to periodically signal the firstcentral computer that the second central computer is functioning.

In contrast to the DatabaseRefreshListener incoming interface, theDatabaseRefreshListener outgoing interface is utilized by the secondcentral computer for updating its own database with data from the firstcentral computer's database tables. To ensure that the data has beencaptured by the second central computer before permanent removal fromthe first central computer, DatabaseRefreshListener outgoing interfaceutilizes a multi-step approach for data transfer as follows: 1) Thesecond central computer checks for the availability of the data; 2) Thesecond central computer requests that the first central computer sendthe data; 3) the second central computer confirms that the data has beenreceived; 4) the second central computer confirms that the data has beencorrectly stored in its database tables.

To check for the availability of data, the second central computer firstsends to the applicable web method of the DatabaseRefreshListeneroutgoing interface is an XML encoded request message formatted per theSOAP protocol. Preferably, the specific web method utilized is of theform “BeginGetXXXTo Archive” wherein “XXX” corresponds to the type ofdata being requested. For example, the method“BeginGetChannelDataToArchive” request the availability of time stampedpump channel records received by the first central computer from thepumps through the hub subsystem. The request message is passed throughthe Internet Information Server component 5422 and NET frameworkcomponent 5416 to the application loaded within the first centralcomputer. The application 5412 loaded within the first central computerdecodes the XML contained in the request message to determine what datais being requested by the second central computer.

The application 5412 loaded within the first central computer checks forthe availability of the requested data in the SQL Server Database 5420.If the data is available, the application prepares an XML encodedresponse message indicating that data is available. If the data cannotbe obtained, the application 5412 prepares an XML encoded responsemessage indicating that data is not available. If the data is notavailable, the second central computer may retry or proceed with adifferent transfer consistent with its processing rules. If the data isavailable, the second central computer initiates the data transfer bysending to the applicable web method of DatabaseRefreshListener outgoinginterface a second XML encoded request message. Preferably, the specificweb method utilized is of the form “EndGetXXXToAcrchive” wherein “XXX”is identical to that used above.

The application 5412 within the first central computer decodes the XMLcontained in the request message to determine what data to return to thesecond central computer and places the data in an appropriate XMLencoded response message structured in a form that corresponds to rowsin a database table consistent with the approach utilized by thecorresponding incoming interface.

In an embodiment, the data is routed to the second central computer viathe NET framework component 5416 and Internet Information Servercomponent 5422. If the data was not correctly received, the secondcentral computer may retry or proceed with a different transferconsistent with its processing rules. If the data was receivedcorrectly, the second central computer then sends a third requestmessage to the applicable web method of this interface. Preferably, thespecific web method utilized is of the form “BeginDeleteArchivedXXX”where “XXX” is identical to that used above.

Upon receipt of this message, the application 5412 loaded within thefirst central computer marks the relevant data in the SQL ServerDatabase component as being sent to the second central computer forarchiving and issues a response message acknowledging that the data hasbeen marked. To signal the success or failure of storing the data in thesecond central computer database, the second central computer sends afourth request message to the applicable web method of this interface.The specific web method utilized is of the form “EndDeleteArchivedXXX”where “XXX” is identical to that used above.

If the second central computer indicates that the transfer wasunsuccessful or if sufficient time has elapsed that the first centralcomputer determines that a loss of communication has occurred, then therelevant data is retained in the first central computer database forfurther transfer as requested by the second central computer.

If the second central computer indicates that the transfer wassuccessful, then the archived data is purged from the first centralcomputer database and the application 5412 loaded within the firstcentral computer issues a response message confirming completion of thefinal step of this transfer. Preferably, the DatabaseRefreshListeneroutgoing interface is asynchronous in nature, thus decoupling the secondcentral computer database from the first central computer to the extentpractical.

The second bi-directional channel between the first central computer 109and the second central computer 108 a is referred to herein as“RoutePDA” and includes both the RoutePDA incoming and outgoinginterfaces paired together. The RoutePDA channel is used by the firstcentral computer 109 for routing of HTTP request messages originatingfrom the PDA subsystem to the second central computer 108 a, thenreceiving the corresponding HTTP response messages from the secondcentral computer, processing if applicable, and then routing back to theoriginating personal digital assistant 118. In the second channel (i.e.,RoutePDA), messages received from or sent to a personal digitalassistant 118 are preferably transmitted to and from the first centralcomputer 109 via the hospital or healthcare facility's wired Ethernetsystem 110, a wireless access point 114, an a wireless transceiverbuilt-into each personal digital assistant 118.

Preferably, HTTP request messages are forwarded without processingthrough the first central computer 109 to the second central computer108 a. The second central computer 108 a then issues HTTP responsemessages containing either XML or HTML formatted information. HTMLformatted response messages are routed through the first centralcomputer 109 to the personal digital assistant 118 without furtherhandling. XML formatted response messages are used by the second centralcomputer 108 a to signal to the first central computer 109 that the user116 (FIG. 1) has requested a web page that the first central computer109 creates, such as a prescription comparison results page or apump-monitoring page. The first central computer 109 examines the XMLresponse, processes as appropriate, and issues an HTML or XML formattedresponse message to the sending personal digital assistant 118.

As indicated previously, the RoutePDA channel is used by the firstcentral computer for routing of HTTP request message received from thePDA(s) 118 to the second central computer and then receiving thecorresponding HTTP responses returned by the second central computer,processing if applicable, and then routing back to the sending PDA(s).Accordingly, the RoutePDA incoming interface is utilized forcommunication with the web browser located in the PDA(s) 118. Thisinterface receives incoming HTTP request messages containing dataencoded as name-value pairs consistent with the HTTP “GET’ and “POST’protocols. The incoming messages are routed via the Internet InformationServer and the NET Framework component to the application 5412 loadedwithin the first central computer. The application 5412 loaded on thefirst central computer reroutes the incoming message to the secondcentral computer utilizing the NET framework 5416 and the RoutePDAoutgoing interface as discussed below.

When an HTTP response is received at the RoutePDA outgoing interface,the application 5412 loaded on the first central computer determineswhether the response utilizes HTHL or XML formatting. HTML formattedresponses are rerouted by the first central computer to the PDA withoutfurther handling, via the NET framework component 5416 and InternetInformation Server component 5422. XML formatted responses, however, areused by the second central computer to signal to the first centralcomputer that the user has requested a web page that the first centralcomputer creates, such as a prescription comparison results page or apump-monitoring page.

The first central computer examines the XML response from the secondcentral computer, processes as appropriate, and issues an HTML or XMLformatted response to the appropriate PDA(s), via the NET framework andInternet Information Server components. Preferably, the RoutePDAinterface is synchronous in nature due to the inherent synchronousbehavior of the web browsers contained in the PDAs.

In contrast to the RoutePDA incoming interface, the RoutePDA outgoinginterface is utilized for routing HTTP request messages received by theapplication 5412 loaded on the first central computer from the personaldigital assistant subsystem to the second central computer forprocessing and then receiving the corresponding HTTP response sent bythe second central computer in return. In both theDatabaseRefreshListener channel and the RoutePDA channel, the firstcentral computer 109 sends and receives information from the secondcentral computer 108 a through an isolated point-to-point Ethernetsub-system 103 that is preferably dedicated to this use only.

As indicated above, in utilizing the DatabaseRefreshListener channel,the first central computer exposes a specialized Web service on thededicated link 103 that is used by the second central computer toreplicate new and updated database information (such as patientinformation, clinician information, pharmacy information, and the like)periodically and as needed to the first central computer. Also, data isprovided from the second central computer to the first central computer.Moreover, in utilizing the RoutePDA channel at the clinician terminaldevice end, the first central computer 109 exposes a NET liS Serverinterface serving HTTP-style web pages and maintaining authenticated websession with the PDA devices 118. Stated another way, the clinicianterminal device (i.e., personal digital assistant 118) receivesauthenticated web pages from the first central computer 109. At thefirst central computer end of the dedicated connection 103 to the secondcentral computer, the first central computer establishes a virtual HTTPsession for each PDA device 118 connected to the first central computer,and impersonates a Web browser to the second central computer relayingHTTP request from the PDAs as they are being received by the firstcentral computer. Stated another way, the first central computer,through the dedicated connection 103 to the second central computer,relays requests requiring non-validation to the second central computer.

Accordingly, when the information flow between a PDA 118 and the serversystem requires information originating from the second central computerside or merged information be presented, the second central computerposts an XML SOAP packet to the Web service exposed by the first centralcomputer on the dedicated link 103 and the first central computer usesthe XML data to perform a merger operation with the informationoriginating from the first central computer side of the system, convertsthe result to HTML, and then posts the HTML back to the clinician's PDAdevice 118.

The fifth external software component interface, referred to asPumpDataListener is an incoming interface for communication with the hubsubsystem, as explained in more detail herein. In an embodiment, thePumpDataListener interface does not have a corresponding outgoinginterface because the transfer of pump data is one-way, only, except forcommunication verification. However, in an alternative embodiment, anoutgoing interface can be provided for transfer of pump command andcontrol data to the medical devices 120.

The PumpDataListener incoming interface is utilized for receipt of datafrom the hub subsystem. Preferably, this interface contains a single webservice method referred to as “SendPumpData.” This method receivesincoming HTTP request messages containing XML encoded data formatted perthe SOAP protocol. The XML encoded data is structured in a hierarchicalform such that data from several pumps and several channels per pump atseveral different times can be combined into a single large messagestructure.

The incoming messages are routed via the Internet Information Server andthe Net framework components to the application 5412 loaded within thefirst central computer application. The first central computerapplication utilizes the Active Directory Domain Service component toverify that the hub subsystem message is authentic. The first centralcomputer then processes the contents, and stores the resulting data inthe SQL Server Database component. Finally, the first central computerapplication issues an HTTP response message to the sending hub devicevia the NET framework and Internet Information Server components. Thisresponse messages indicated the success or failure of data transfer andprocessing. Data packets received by the first central computer (i.e.,server 109) from the hubs 107 are preferably stored within the firstcentral database of the first central computer. Preferably, if an alarmor alert event is included in the packet, the first central computer canimmediately dispatch the event to the appropriate clinician(s) via hisor her digital assistant 118, or alternatively, the first centralcomputer can enter the event into the first central computer databaseand later dispatch the information when requested by the appropriateclinician(s) via his or her digital assistant. As indicated previously,the first central computer 109 maintains a log of all clinicians thatare logged onto his or her digital assistant 118 which is authenticatedevery time the clinician logs onto the system.

Preferably, the PumpDataListener incoming interface is asynchronous innature, thus decoupling the hub subsystem from the first centralcomputer subsystem to the extent practical. The decoupling allows thehubs 107 within the hub subsystem to be programmed for continued dataprocessing while waiting for responses and for responding to losses incommunication in a manner that is under program control. Nonetheless,the PumpDataListener maintains a “heartbeat” to monitor (lack of)continuity of communications between all wireless modules and/or remotepump devices and the central computer.

Communication with Clinician Handheld Devices

As described in detail further herein, pump status, alerts, alarms,patient information, chart information, comparison information, to-dolists and other data/information are provided to clinicians via apersonal digital assistant or user interface 118 having a display 118 a,antenna 118 b, and, if desired, an audible tone or sound generator 118c. The digital assistant 118 communicates with the central system 108via the central network 102 and, in particular, wireless communicationpath or link 126 and cable communication system 110. As statedpreviously, one or more wireless access points 114 provide an interface,in a conventional manner, between the wireless communication paths andthe cable communication system. The digital assistant 118 may receivemessages from both servers 109 and 108 a. Preferably, communicationbetween the central system 108 and the digital assistant 118 isbidirectional. Moreover, it is desired that the digital assistant 118include enough memory and processing capability to store and execute amodule or application (not shown) for testing the integrity of thecommunication link between the digital assistant and the central system108 or the wireless access point 114.

Preferably, but not necessarily, a module or application installed onthe digital assistant 118 is a script or other computer instructions(i.e., software code) written in a high-level programming language, suchas JAVA, that can be executed with or without clinician intervention.The script can be automatically downloaded from the server 108 a or 109to the digital assistant 118, or to the medical device 120, as areceiver function of the system. As an example, one type of script thatmay be automatically downloaded from the server to the digital assistantis a script that tests the integrity of the communication link byperiodically polling, or monitoring communication, includingnotifications and messaging, from the central system 108 or the accesspoint 114. In a preferred embodiment, the script running on the digitalassistant polls the system 108 approximately every 3 seconds. If aresponse is not received from the central system 108 or the access point114, the module or application installed on the digital assistant 118generates a time-out that results in audible tones and/or a notificationon the visual display 118 a that communication with the central system108 has been lost. The notification on the visual display 118 a can be,for example: the activation of an information pop-up window stating thatthe communication link is lost, or the changing of an active icondisplay on the visual display 118 a. As used herein, and recognized bythose having ordinary skill in the art, a time-out is an outputgenerated by a module or application for indicating that the module orapplication has waited a certain amount of time for input, but has notreceived it. Another type of script may poll to determine if an alarm oralert has been triggered. Numerous other scripts may be runningsimultaneously. One advantage of running scripts that are downloadedfrom the system to the digital assistant is that there is no need toinstall custom code on each digital assistant 118. If any event (i.e., amessage, notification, alarm, alert, etc.) is present, the digitalassistant 118 automatically retrieves the event from the server anddisplays it on an interface screen of the digital assistant 118. Otheradded advantages of the script approach are 1) the script code can beeasily updated at the central server instead of requiring each digitalassistant to be updated, 2) the scripts can be verified/validatedrelatively independently of the digital assistant hardware platformbecause the functionality is hardware independent, thus changes orupgrades to the digital assistants have minimal effect on scriptoperation.

As indicated previously, each clinician preferably has an associateddigital assistant 118 that, in an embodiment, provides the clinicianwith a view of a page consisting of an HTML frame set with a dedicatedframe for display of events. The dedicated frame can have a JAVA scriptinserted therein for display of events wherein the script interrogatesthe first central computer 109 for new events such as pump alarms andalerts directed to the digital assistant 118. If any new events haveoccurred, then the first central computer provides this information tothe digital assistant 118 wherein it is displayed within the dedicatedframe for display of such events.

One type of notification provided on the digital assistant 118 indicatesto the clinician that data presented by the digital assistant 118 is notcurrent, and access to alerts and alarms is not available. Conversely,the digital assistant 118 can also indicate when the digital assistant118 is linked to the central system 108 for providing real-time accessto alerts and alarms. Other notifications that are typicallycommunicated via scripts include, but are not limited to: pump “silentshut down,” overrides of pump infusion limits, end of infusion,occlusion trend information, low battery, pre-occlusion indicator, overuse of bolus, keep vein open alert, stat medication notifications,change orders, lab results, radiology results, updating, change intelemetry data and/or vital signs information, doctors or pharmacyattempting to reach the nurse, patients that are requesting the nurse,loss of communication, messages from other devices, new rate for medicaldevice based on vital information, rate following purge, etc.

As stated previously, clinicians within a healthcare facility haveaccess to infusion alerts, alarms, and messages via the remote wirelessdevice 118 (i.e., also referred to as a personal digital assistant (PDA)118) or other computer devices, wireless or hardwired to the network,such as a tablet computer with a bar code reader operably attached, or alaptop computer attached to an IV pole and having a bar code readeroperably attached to the computer.

Preferably, the infusion system 210 provides clinicians and other userswith options for automating alert event-driven messages. Moreover,healthcare facility administrators and other users can customize thetypes of automated messaging to appear, via the remote wireless device,by message type or classification, severity of abnormality, andtime-based reminders. Additionally, the infusion system providesclinicians and other users with the ability to configure audiblemessages, visual messages, or both.

The messaging provided by the infusion system 210 preferably includes auser-configurable rules engine, a scheduler, and interfaces to infusionpump systems. Moreover, it is desired that the results-driven messagingprovide clinicians with real-time decision support at the point of carevia a workstation, electronic tablet, wireless personal digitalassistant, or the like.

Generally, the communication between the infusion pump 120 and thenetwork 102 and, further, from the network 102 and the clinician'sdigital device 118 allows the clinician 116 to: viewelectronically-compared pharmacy-entered orders to programmed pumpsettings and/or program the pump, use the system as a method of remotelyviewing pump alerts and alarms, view the pump status remotely, viewnotifications and view the history of the infusion setting changes,among other things.

Patient Care System

Turning back to FIG. 1, patient care system 100 preferably includes acomputerized physician order-entry module (CPOE), an inpatient pharmacymodule, a wireless nurse charting system, and an electronic patientmedical record module. In one embodiment, such systems and modules areapplications of the second central server or second central computer 108a. It is desired that patient care system 100 provide a comprehensivepatient safety solution for the delivery of medication. Within patientcare system 100, software modules are provided to link together existingpatient care systems using interfaces such as HL 7 interfaces that areknown to those having ordinary skill in the art. Preferably, the patientcare system 100 operates on a variety of computers and personaldigital-assistant products to transmit orders, update patient medicalrecords, and access alerts, alarms, and messages.

The computerized physician order-entry module enables physicians toenter medication orders, access alerts, alarms, messages, reminders,vital signs and results. A pharmacy module checks the prescribed drugagainst documented patient allergies, and for compatibility with otherdrugs and food. The pharmacy module also provides real-time data forinventory management. A nurse medication-charting module providesclinical information that is immediately available at the bedside, thusensuring verification of medication and dosage at the point-of-care.

Patient care system 100 integrates drug delivery products with theinformation required to assist in ensuring safe and effective deliveryof medication. The clinical decision support and accompanying alerts,alarms, warnings, and messaging of the patient care system 100 provide asafety net of support for clinicians as they deliver patient care underincreasing time and cost pressures. This information is preferablysupplied through a wireless network that supplies data in a way thatimproves clinician workflow, making delivery of care easier.

Overview of the Infusion System

The infusion system 210, or healthcare system 210, within the patientcare system 100 provides computerized prescribing and an electronicmedical administration record (eMAR), among other things. Infusionsystem 210 puts charting, medication history, inventory tracking, andmessaging at the clinician's fingertips. Patient care system 100combines bar-coding and real-time technology to assist in ensuring thatthe right patient gets the right medication and the right dosage, at theright time, via the right route. Infusion system 210 provides alerts,alarms, messages, and reminders such as, but not limited to, lab value,out of range, and missed dose.

As part of the verification of the right dosage, the system can alsoprovide verification of the settings of an infusion pump. As explainedin detail further herein, the infusion system 210 resides, at least inpart, on one or more electronic computing devices such as wirelessremote personal digital assistants, workstations, physician order-entrymodules, electronic tablets, processor controlled infusion pumps, or thelike. The infusion system 210 can be configured to display, via one ormore of the electronic computing devices, numerous hospital-definablealerts and alarms in varying forms. In an embodiment, time-based alertsare provided to remind clinicians to perform a patient care functionsuch as, but not necessarily limited to, changing an infusion rate.Further, emergency alarms are provided such as, but not necessarilylimited to, an infusion being disconnected. Moreover, less urgentmessages are provided such as, but not necessarily limited to, theinfusion being completed or the line being occluded. In addition, theinfusion status can be viewed from anywhere within the healthcarefacility via one or more of wireless remote personal digital assistantsor other electronic computing devices.

As disclosed in greater detail infra, the system 210 provides for theescalation of alarms or alerts that are not indicated as correctedwithin a predetermined period of time. Conditions that can result in theescalation of an alarm or an alert are preferably defined by the healthcare facility. Likewise, the time before an alarm or alert escalates canalso be defined by the health care facility. Accordingly, predefinedalarms or alerts that are not corrected by a clinician within apredefined period of time will result in the escalation of theassociated alarms or alerts. Thus, the frequency that the clinician isnotified by the system of the escalated alarms or alerts is preferablyincreased, as can be the volume of the audible tones associatedtherewith. As will be appreciated by those having skill in the art, theinfusion system 210 assists in ensuring patient safety by checking theinfusion being administered with the patient's order. As explained indetail further herein, a bar-coding scheme is used wherein the infusionbag and the patient ID are scanned. The infusion information isdisplayed on both an electronic computing device and the pump to assistin ensuring that the right infusion is being administered to the rightpatient at the right time, and by the right route and at the right rate.In an embodiment, an alert, audible and visual, appears on theelectronic device if the above administration “rights” do not match.Moreover, through a comparison process described in greater detailinfra, when the clinician sets the infusion pump rate, an audible andvisual alert appears on the electronic computing device if theprogrammed settings do not match the patient's infusion order. Inaddition, at any time the clinician can, via the electronic device,check the settings of an infusion pump to confirm if the settings matchthe infusion order as contained within the central database 108 b.

In an embodiment, the infusion system 210 provides alerts and alarms,via one or more of the electronic computing devices or the like, withdiffering tones or phrases for fast identification of the severity orurgency of the message. Desirably, conventional infusion pump alerts andalarms can be displayed on the electronic computing devices, such as,but not necessarily limited to, a personal digital assistant, to keepthe clinicians informed of the status of the infusions for all assignedpatients, thereby saving time in resolving problems and improvingworkflow safety.

All alarms and alerts are preferably retrievable from a central systemdatabase for, inter alia, reporting purposes. The retrievable data canassist a healthcare facility in examining and analyzing how manymedication errors were avoided through alarms, alerts, and warnings.Desirably, the audible alerts and alarms are configured to sounddifferently according to the severity or urgency associated with themessage or issue. Alarms requiring immediate attention sound differentfrom less emergent alerts. Visual text describing the problem ispreferably displayed by one or more of the electronic computing devices.In an embodiment, an alert sounds on a personal digital assistant whenan infusion is nearing completion or is completed. The personal digitalassistant also displays the patient, location, infusion type, and thetime remaining before the infusion bag is empty. At all times theclinician can access, via the personal digital assistant, the status ofinfusions and thus react accordingly.

In an embodiment, before visiting a patient room, the clinician can viewthe status of the infusions on the personal digital assistant todetermine whether another bag will be needed in the near future. Ifanother infusion bag is needed, the clinician can save time be takingthe new bag on the first visit, rather than realizing a new bag isneeded after arriving in the patient room. Similarly, the pharmacy canview the status, including time remaining, in order to schedule themixing and delivery of the next infusion bag.

If desired, and as will be appreciated by those having skill in the art,other alarms and alerts related to the infusion pump can be madeavailable on the electronic computing devices remotely located from theinfusion pump. Pertinent information can be displayed on the electroniccomputing devices, thus saving the nurse time and steps in resolving theproblem.

As indicated above, when a pump alarms or alerts, the clinician can viewpatient information, drug order, and alarm or alert message on thepersonal digital assistant, and gather necessary items before going tothe patient room to physically correct the alarm or alert condition.

In an embodiment, the infusion system 210 provides configurabletime-based alerts for reminding clinicians of scheduled infusion orders.As such, a tapering order to run NS at 200 ml/hr for two hours, thenreduce to 50 ml/hr, results in the infusion system 210 alerting thenurse two hours after starting the infusion to reduce the rate. Further,late alerts are provided for informing clinicians when scheduledinfusions are past the time tolerance set by the facility. Moreover,time-based protocols such as alerts for conducting pain assessments,such as after starting an epidural morphine infusion, are generated.

Configurable aspects of the infusion system 210 also include the audiblealerts emitted by the electronic computing devices, such as personaldigital assistants. Preferably, the audible alerts can be configurableby the healthcare facility and within specific units of the healthcarefacility to satisfy the unique environments within the healthcarefacility.

As indicated previously, a plurality of visual alerts and messages canbe displayed by the electronic computing devices, such as personaldigital assistants, for indicating the importance or urgency of themessage. Desirably, color, flashing, and bold text are display messagingoptions. Additionally, hyperlinks can be provided when messages aregenerated. Icons on the displays can also be utilized and emergencymessages can be configured to interrupt the handheld electronic device,or the like, to immediately alert the clinician. Further, escalation ofalarms/alerts is provided by the system 210. Alarms/alerts and theescalation thereof are detailed infra.

As also indicated previously, the infusion system 210 allows a clinicianto view all infusions or assigned patients on the electronic computingdevice, such as a personal digital assistant or the like, thus reducingtime spent traveling to and from patient rooms. Moreover, prescriptioninformation is displayed on the electronic computing device forverification of the drug amount, diluents, dose, and rate of theinfusion. Additionally, real time status of the infusion is viewable fordisplaying milliliters per hour or the like, duration of the infusion,volume infused, time remaining, and volume yet to be infused. Asindicated previously, the status of the infusion and flow rate historycan be viewed from anywhere within the healthcare facility via theelectronic computing devices.

As described in detail further herein, the infusion system 210 maycalculate ordered doses based on patient weight and display theappropriate rate to run the infusion. Messages are generated if theinfusion is set to run outside of the ordered dose. Moreover, pediatricdosing is available and configured for pediatric units within thehealthcare facility.

In an embodiment, the status of primary infusions and secondaryinfusions, such as piggybacks, are displayed by the infusion system 210on the electronic computing device, such as a personal digitalassistant. The clinician can check the volume left to infuse in apiggyback at any time and a message is displayed when the piggyback iscompleted and the primary infusion has resumed. In addition, messagesare sent to the pharmacy to replenish stocks and infusion orders.

If desired, the infusion system 210 allows for the healthcare facilityto define system infusion limits for warning a clinician who programs aninfusion to run outside of the set range. The warning can be configuredto allow clinicians to override the warning or prohibit overrides. Aswill be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art,prohibiting overrides for certain infusions may prevent a patient frominadvertently receiving an overdose.

The infusion system 210 can also provide for displaying referenceinformation pertinent to the needs of each specialty unit within thehealthcare facility. Drug information is viewable on the electronicdevice, such as a personal digital assistant, in addition to specialtyunit policies and procedures. Protocols and standard orders can beconfigured to provide messages based on patient condition. In anembodiment, for example, heparin infusion protocols are configured toalert the clinician of a new blood glucose result and to titrate theinsulin infusion by a determined number of milliliters based on thesliding scale protocol.

Moreover, through configured rules, messages or notifications are sentto the nurse regarding particular infusions as they relate to thepatient's condition. In an embodiment, for example, a message isgenerated when a patient receiving a nephrotoxic infusion has anincrease in BUN and Creatinine. Additionally, protocols can beconfigured to generate messages when certain infusions are titrated. Inan embodiment, for example, a message to document a blood pressure canbe configured when a clinician titrates a dopamine infusion.Furthermore, hemodynamic monitoring parameters can be linked toinfusions to generate messages.

As indicated previously, new infusion orders can be configured toprovide messages alerting the clinician of a new order. Messages can beconfigured as audible and visual such as textual, color alerts, flashinghyperlinks, icons, and the like. Stat orders and discontinue orders canbe configured as a high priority message to differentiate them fromnon-urgent messages. Preferably, educational messages are generated andconfigured by the healthcare facility.

In an embodiment, for example, an infusion requiring a specific tubingset (e.g., non-PVC) results in the display of a message informing theclinician. In a further embodiment, for example, an infusion requiringcentral venous access results in the display of a warning not to infusein the peripheral vein.

In an embodiment, scheduling messages are generated and displayed on oneor more electronic computing devices to remind users to complete thenext task. Alerts to change infusion rates at scheduled times are sentto the electronic computing devices, such as in the case of a taperinginfusion. Additionally, protocols with time-based alerts can beconfigured such as, for example, blood infusion protocols.

Turning again to FIG. 1, and as indicated above, patient care system 100allows medication ordering, dispensing, and administration to take placeat the patient's bedside. Physicians can order simple and complexprescriptions, intravenous therapy and total parenteral nutritiontherapy (TPN) using a wireless handheld device. Infusion system 210checks for drug interactions and other possible errors as well ascorrect dosage. Infusion system 210 then transmits this data inreal-time to the patient care facility or local pharmacy, hospitalnursing unit, home care unit, and/or clinic.

The clinician can access a medical records database using the handhelddevice. In an embodiment, the clinician scans the bar-coded medicationand the patient's bar-coded bracelet to confirm the presence of theright medication, dosage, and time before administering any drugs. Theinfusion system 210 updates medical and administrative records, therebyeliminating most, if not all, time-consuming paperwork. Thus, infusionsystem 210 can reduce costs and improve efficiency while possibly savinglives. Patient care system 100 can include access-controlled mobile andstationary medication and supply depots, including electronic patientmedical records and computerized prescribing, providing completepreparation and inventory management from the point of care to thepharmacy.

As mentioned previously. FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of patientcare system 100. The patient care system 100 includes a pharmacycomputer 104, a central system 108, and a treatment location 106, linkedby a network 102. In an embodiment, the pharmacy computer 104 includes aprocessing unit 104 a, a keyboard 104 b, a video display 104 c, aprinter 104 d, a bar code reader 104 e, and a mouse 104 f.

Although not shown in FIG. 1, the patient care system 100 can alsoinclude subsystems for hospital administration, nursing stations, aclinical information subsystem, a hospital information subsystem, anAdmissions Discharge and Transfer (ADT subsystem, a billing subsystem,and/or other subsystems typically included in conventional patient caresystems. Such systems are typically interfaced with the second centralserver 108 a.

In an embodiment, the central system 108 includes a central servicingcomputer 108 a, a database 108 b, a video display 108 c, input/outputcomponents, and other conventional hardware components known to thosehaving ordinary skill in the art. The network 102 preferably includes acable communication system 110 portion and a wireless communicationsystem portion. The cable communication system 110 can be, but is notlimited to, an Ethernet cabling system, and a thin net system.

In an embodiment, the treatment location 106 can include a treatment bed106 a, an infusion pump 120, and medical treatment cart 132. In FIG. 1,a clinician 116 and a patient 112 are shown in the treatment location106. Medication 124 can be of a type that is administered using aninfusion pump 120 or other medical device. Medication 124 can also be ofa type that is administered without using a medical device. Themedication can be stored in medication storage areas 132 a of medicaltreatment cart 132. The clinician 116 uses a digital assistant 118 inthe process of administering medication 124 to the patient 112.

In an embodiment, the clinician 116 uses the digital assistant 118 inthe course of treating a patient 112 to communicate with the cablecommunication system 110 of the network 102 via a first wirelesscommunication path 126. The infusion pump 120 has the ability tocommunicate with the cable communication system 110 via a secondwireless communication path 128. The medication cart 132 also has theability to communicate via a wireless communication path (not shown inFIG. 1). A wireless access point 114 interfaces with the cablecommunication system 110. The wireless communication system portion ofthe network can employ technology such as, but not limited to, known tothose having ordinary skill in the art such as IEEE 802.11b “WirelessEthernet,” a local area network, wireless local area networks, a networkhaving a tree topography, a network having a ring topography, wirelessinternet point of presence systems, an Ethernet, the Internet. radiocommunications, infrared, fiber optic, and telephone. Though shown inFIG. 1 as a wireless communication system, the communication paths canalternatively be hardwired communication paths.

In the patient care system 100, a physician can order medication 124 forpatient 112. In an embodiment, the order can originate with a clinician116 at the treatment location 106. The physician and/or clinician 116can use a computerized physician order entry system (CPOE), the medicalcart 132, or a like device, to order the medication 124 for the patient112. Those having ordinary skill in the art are familiar withconventional computerized physician order entry systems. Despite itsname, any clinician 116 can use the computerized physician order entrysystem. If the medication 124 is efficient to administer throughinfusion pump 120, the infusion order includes information forgenerating operating parameters for the infusion pump 120. The operatingparameters are the information and/or instruction set necessary toprogram infusion pump 120 to operate in accordance with the infusionorder.

The infusion order can be entered in a variety of locations includingthe pharmacy, the nursing center, the nursing floor, and treatmentlocation 106. When the order is entered in the pharmacy, it can beentered in the pharmacy computer 104 via input/output devices such asthe keyboard 104 b, the mouse 104 f, a touch screen display, the CPOEsystem and/or the medical treatment cart 132. The processing unit 104 ais able to transform a manually entered order into computer-readabledata. Devices such as the CPOE can transform an order intocomputer-readable data prior to introduction to the processing unit 104a. The operating parameters are then printed in a bar code format by theprinter 104 d on a medication label 124 a. The medication label 124 a isthen affixed to a medication 124 container. Next, the medication 124container is transported to the treatment location 106. The medication124 can then be administered to the patient 112 in a variety of waysknown in the art including orally and through an infusion pump 120. Ifthe medication 124 is administered orally, the clinician 116 cancommunicate via the digital assistant 118 and/or the medical cart 132.The medical cart 132 is computerized and generally has a keyboard (notshown), a display 132 b, and other input/output devices such as a barcode scanner (not shown).

As will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art, theinfusion bag can also be premixed, wherein a non-patient specific barcode is attached to the bag identifying the medication 124. Moreover,the infusion bag can be mixed in the pharmacy or on the floor, wherein apatient specific bar code is attached to the bag that identifies themedication 124 and, if desired, when the medication is to beadministered to the patient.

At the treatment location, the medication 124 can be mounted on theinfusion pump 120 with an intravenous (IV) line 130 running from theinfusion pump 120 to the patient 112. The infusion pump 120 can includea pumping unit 120 a, a keypad 120 b, a display 120 c, an infusion pumpID 120 d, and an antenna 120 e. Prior art infusion pumps can be providedwith a wireless adaptor (not shown) in order to fully implement thesystem 100. The wireless adaptor can have its own battery if necessaryto avoid reducing the battery life of prior art infusion pumps. Thewireless adaptor can also use intelligent data management such as, butnot limited to, store-and-forward data management and data compressionto minimize power consumption and network traffic. The wireless adaptorcan also include the ability to communicate with the digital assistant118 even when the network 102 is not functioning.

In an embodiment, the patient care system 100 can include a variety ofidentifiers such 10 as, but not limited to, personnel, equipment, andmedication identifiers. In FIG. 1, the clinician 116 can have aclinician badge 116 a identifier, the patient 112 can have a wristband112 a identifier, the infusion pump 120 can have an infusion pump ID 120d identifier, and the medication 124 can have a medication label 124 aidentifier. Clinician badge 116 a, wristband 112 a, infusion pump ID 120d, and medication label 124 a include information to identify thepersonnel, equipment, or medication they are associated with. Theidentifiers can also have additional information. For example, themedication label 124 a can include information regarding the intendedrecipient of the medication 124, operating parameters for infusion pump120, and information regarding the lot number and expiration ofmedication 124. The information included in the identifiers can beprinted, but is preferably in a device readable format such as, but notlimited to, an optical-readable device format such as a bar code, aradio frequency (RF) device-readable format such as an RFID, an iButton,a smart card, and a laser-readable format. The digital assistant 118 caninclude a display 118 a and have the ability to read the identifiers,including biometric information such as a fingerprint.

The wristband 112 a is typically placed on the patient 112 as thepatient 112 enters a medical care facility. The wristband 112 a includesa patient identifier. The patient identifier can include printedinformation to identify the patient and additional information such as atreating physician's name(s). The patient identifier for patient 112 caninclude information such as, but not limited to, the patient's name,age, social security number, the patient's blood type, address,allergies, a hospital ID number, and the name of a patient's relative.

In an embodiment, the patient identifier can contain a unique referencecode or password for the patient, which is also stored in the centraldatabase for cross referencing, if needed or desired.

System Hardware/Software Architecture of the System

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a computer 200 representative of thepharmacy computer 104, the central system 108, the CPOE, the digitalassistant 118 of FIG. 1, and/or a computer included in any number ofother subsystems that communicate via the network 102 such as themedication treatment cart 132. As indicated previously, the computer 200includes an infusion system 210, or a portion of infusion system 210,for use within the patient care system 100. The infusion system asdescribed in reference to FIG. 2 is preferably a computer program.However, the infusion system can be practiced in whole or in part as amethod and system other than as a computer program.

A critical concern in the art is that the right medication isadministered to the right patient. Therefore, infusion system 210includes features to assist in assuring that the right medication isadministered to the right patient in an efficient manner. Infusionsystem 210 can be implemented in software, firmware, hardware, or acombination thereof. In one mode, infusion system 210 is implemented insoftware, as an executable program, and is executed by one or morespecial or general purpose digital computer(s), such as a personalcomputer (PC; IBM-compatible, Apple-compatible, or otherwise), personaldigital assistant, workstation, minicomputer, or mainframe computer. Anexample of a general-purpose computer that can implement the infusionsystem 210 is shown in FIG. 2. The infusion system 210 can reside in, orhave various portions residing in, any computer such as, but not limitedto, pharmacy computer 104, central system 108, medication treatment cart132, and digital assistant 118.

Therefore, the computer 200 of FIG. 2 is representative of any computerin which the infusion system 210 resides or partially resides.Generally, in terms of hardware architecture, as shown in FIG. 2, thecomputer 200 includes a processor 202, memory 204, and one or more inputand/or output (I/O) devices 206 (or peripherals) that arecommunicatively coupled via a local interface 208. The local interface208 can be, for example, but not limited to, one or more buses or otherwired or wireless connections, as is known in the art. The localinterface 208 can have additional elements, which are omitted forsimplicity, such as controllers, buffers (caches), drivers, repeaters,and receivers, to enable communications. Further, the local interfacecan include address, control, and/or data connections to enableappropriate communications among the other computer components.

Processor 202 is a hardware device for executing software, particularlysoftware stored in memory 204. Processor 202 can be any custom made orcommercially available processor, a central processing unit (CPU), anauxiliary processor among several processors associated with thecomputer 200, a semiconductor-based microprocessor (in the form of amicrochip or chip set), a macroprocessor, or generally any device forexecuting software instructions. Examples of suitable commerciallyavailable microprocessors are as follows: a PA-RISC seriesmicroprocessor from Hewlett-Packard Company, an 80x86 or Pentium seriesmicroprocessor from Intel Corporation, a PowerPC microprocessor fromIBM, a Sparc microprocessor from Sun Microsystems, Inc., or a 68xxxseries microprocessor from Motorola Corporation.

Processor 202 can also represent a distributed processing architecturesuch as, but not limited to, SQL, Smalltalk, APL, KLisp, Snobol,Developer 200, MUMPS/Magic. Memory 204 can include any one or acombination of volatile memory elements (e.g., random access memory(RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, etc.)) and nonvolatile memory elements(e.g., ROM, hard drive, tape, CDROM, etc.). Moreover, memory 204 canincorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storagemedia. Memory 204 can have a distributed architecture where variouscomponents are situated remote from one another, but are still accessedby processor 202.

The software in memory 204 can include one or more separate programs.The separate programs comprise ordered listings of executableinstructions for implementing logical functions. In FIG. 2, the softwarein memory 204 includes the infusion system 210 in accordance with thepresent embodiment and a suitable operating system (O/S) 212. Anon-exhaustive list of examples of suitable commercially availableoperating systems 212 is as follows: (a) a Windows operating systemavailable from Microsoft Corporation; (b) a Netware operating systemavailable from Novell, Inc.; (c) a Macintosh operating system availablefrom Apple Computer, Inc.; (d) a UNIX operating system, which isavailable for purchase from many vendors, such as the Hewlett-PackardCompany, Sun Microsystems, Inc., and AT&T Corporation; (e) a LINUXoperating system, which is freeware that is readily available on theInternet; (f) a run time Vxworks operating system from WindRiverSystems, Inc.; or (g) an appliance-based operating system, such as thatimplemented in handheld computers or personal digital assistants (PDAs)(e.g., PalmOS available from Palm Computing, Inc., and Windows CEavailable from Microsoft Corporation). Operating system 212 essentiallycontrols the execution of other computer programs, such as infusionsystem 210, and provides scheduling, input/output control, file and datamanagement, memory management, and communication control and relatedservices.

Infusion system 210 can be a source program, executable program (objectcode), script, or any other entity comprising a set of instructions tobe performed. When a source program, the program is translated via acompiler, assembler, interpreter, or the like, that may or may not beincluded within the memory 204, so as to operate properly in connectionwith the O/S 212.

Furthermore, the infusion system 210 can be written as (a) anobject-oriented programming language, which has classes of data andmethods, or (b) a procedural programming language, which has routines,subroutines, and/or functions, for example, but not limited to, C, C++,Pascal, Basic, Fortran, Cobol, Perl, Java, and Ada. In one embodiment,the system program 210 is written in C++.

In other embodiments, the infusion system 210 is created using PowerBuilder. The I/O devices 206 can include input devices, for example, butnot limited to, a keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, touch screens,interfaces for various medical devices, bar code readers, stylus, laserreaders, radio-frequency device readers, etc. Furthermore, the I/Odevices 206 can also include output devices, for example, but notlimited to, a printer, bar code printers, displays, etc. The I/O devices206 can further include devices that communicate as both inputs andoutputs, for instance, but not limited to, a modulator/demodulator(modem; for accessing another device, system, or network), a radiofrequency (RF) or other transceiver, a telephonic interface, a bridge, arouter, etc. If the computer 200 is a PC, workstation, personal digitalassistant, or the like, the software in the memory 204 can furtherinclude a basic input output system (BIOS) (not shown in FIG. 2). TheBIOS is a set of essential software routines that initialize and testhardware at startup, start the O/S 212, and support the transfer of dataamong the hardware devices. The BIOS is stored in ROM so that the BIOScan be executed when the computer 200 is activated.

When the computer 200 is in operation, processor 202 is configured toexecute software stored within memory 204, to communicate data to andfrom memory 204, and to generally control operations of the computer 200pursuant to the software. The infusion system 210 and the O/S 212, inwhole or in part, but typically the latter, are read by processor 202,perhaps buffered within the processor 202, and then executed.

When the infusion system 210 is implemented in software, as is shown inFIG. 2, the infusion system 210 program can be stored on anycomputer-readable medium for use by or in connection with anycomputer-related system or method. As used herein, a computer-readablemedium is an electronic, magnetic, optical, or other physical device ormeans that can contain or store a computer program for use by or inconnection with a computer related system or method. The infusion system210 can be embodied in any computer-readable medium for use by or inconnection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device,such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or othersystem that can fetch the instructions from the instruction executionsystem, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In thecontext of this document, a “computer-readable medium” can be any meansthat can store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for useby or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, ordevice. The computer-readable medium can be, for example, but notlimited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared,or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. Morespecific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readablemedium would include the following: an electrical connection(electronic) having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette(magnetic), a random access memory (RAM) (electronic), a read-onlymemory (ROM) (electronic), an erasable programmable read-only memory(EPROM, EEPROM, or Flash memory) (electronic), an optical fiber(optical), and a portable compact disc read-only memory (CDROM)(optical). Note that the computer-readable medium could even be paper oranother suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as theprogram can be electronically captured via, for instance, opticalscanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted orotherwise processed in a suitable manner if necessary, and then storedin a computer memory.

In another embodiment, where the infusion system 210 is implemented inhardware, the infusion system 210 can be implemented with any, or acombination of, the following technologies, that are each well known inthe art: a discrete logic circuit(s) having logic gates for implementinglogic functions upon data signals, an application specific integratedcircuit (ASIC) having appropriate combinational logic gates, aprogrammable gate array(s) (PGA), a field programmable gate array(FPGA), etc. Any process descriptions or blocks in figures, such asFIGS. 3-11, are to be understood as representing modules, segments, orportions of hardware, software, or the like, that can include one ormore executable instructions for implementing specific logical functionsor steps in the process, and alternate implementations are includedwithin the scope of the embodiments in which functions can be executedout of order from that shown or discussed, including substantiallyconcurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionalityinvolved, as would be understood by those having ordinary skill in theart.

Patient Care System Components

FIG. 4 is a first block diagram showing functional components of thepatient care system 100 of FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 4, the patient caresystem 100 can be practiced as a modular system where the modulesrepresent various functions of the patient care system, including theinfusion system 210 (FIG. 2). The flexibility of the patient care system100 and the infusion system can be enhanced when the systems arepracticed as modular systems. The modules of the infusion system 210(FIG. 2) can be included in various portions of the patient care system100. In an embodiment, the patient care system functional components caninclude, inter alia, a medication management module 302, a prescriptiongeneration module 304, a prescription activation module 306, and aprescription authorization module 308.

The medication management module 302 can coordinate the functions of theother modules in the patient care system 100 that are involved in theadministration of medical treatment. The medication management module302 generally coordinates with other portions of the patient care system100. The medication management module 302 can include sub-modules foroperating and/or interfacing with a CPOE, for operating and/orcommunicating with point-of-care modules, and for operating and/orcommunicating with medical treatment comparison modules. In FIG. 4, anadmissions, discharge, and transfer (ADT) interface 310, a billinginterface 312, a lab interface 314, and a pharmacy interface 316 areshown. The ADT interface 310 is used to capture information such as thepatient's demographics, size, weight, and allergies. In a preferredembodiment, the ADT system utilizes an HL 7 type of interface totransfer events that are entered into the hospital's ADT system into thesecond central server 108 a. HL 7 is a protocol for formatting,transmitting and receiving data in a healthcare environment. It providesinteroperability between healthcare information systems through amessaging standard that enables disparate healthcare applications, suchas a variety of different third-party applications, to exchange key setsof clinical and administrative data. Typically, in the present system100, the HL7 ADT interface consists of three applications: the HL7 ADTserver, the HL7 ADT client, and the HL7 ADT viewer. The pharmacyinterface 316 imports orders from the pharmacy. The pharmacy interface316 can be an HL7-type of interface that interfaces with other systemsfor entering orders, such as a CPOE. This ability reduces the necessityfor entering data into the patient care system 100 more than once. Thepharmacy interface 316 can be configured to communicate withcommercially available third-party systems such as, but not limited toCerner, HBOC, Pyxis, Meditech, SMS, Phamous, and the like. A webservices interface can provide near real-time coordination between Pointof Care medication management systems supporting oral medication dosingsuch as McKesson AdminRx, Pyxis Verif5, etc. and infusion pump relatedmedication management. Various other interfaces are also known to thosehaving ordinary skill in the art, but are not shown in FIG. 4.

The medication management module 302 can have additional features suchas the ability to check for adverse reactions due to drug-to-drugincompatibility, duplicate drug administration, drug allergies, drugdosage limitations, drug frequency limitations, drug durationlimitations, and drug disease contraindications. Food and alcoholinteractions can also be noted. Drug limitations can include limitationssuch as, but not limited to, limitations associated with adults,children, infants, newborns, premature births, geriatric adults, agegroupings, weight groupings, height groupings, and body surface area. Inan embodiment, the medication management module 302 prevents the entryof the same prescription for the same patient from two different sourceswithin the patient care system 100.

The medication management module 302 can also include the ability togenerate reports. The reports include, but are not limited to,end-of-shift, titration information, patient event lists, infusionhistory, pump performance history, pump location history, and pumpmaintenance history. The end-of shift report can include the pumpchannel, start time, end time, primary infusion, piggyback infusion,medication, dose, rate, pump status, volume infused, volume remaining,time remaining, and the last time cleared. The infusion history reportincludes medications and volume infused.

The medication management module 302 can also include a medicalequipment status database. The medical equipment status databaseincludes data indicating the location of a medical device 332 within thepatient care system 100. The medical equipment status database can alsoinclude data indicating the past performance of a medical device 332.The medical equipment status database can also include data indicatingthe maintenance schedule and/or history of a medical device 332.

Infusion prescriptions or orders are entered in prescription entry 324.Such orders can include prescriptions such as, but not limited to,single dose infusions, intermittent infusions, continuous infusions,sequencing, titrating, and alternating types. Infusion prescriptions canalso include total parenteral nutritional admixtures (TPN), chemotherapycontinuous infusion, piggybacks, large volume parenterals, and otherinfusion prescriptions. The patient care system 100 can function withoutend dates for orders. The patient care system 100 uses a continuousschedule generator that looks ahead a predefined time period andgenerates a schedule for admixture filling for the time period. Thepredefined time period can be defined at the patient care system 100level or at subsystem levels such as the clinical discipline level andan organizational level. The predefined time periods can be adjustableby the clinician 116 entering the order. The schedule can beautomatically extendable as long as the order is active in the patientcare system 100.

The prescription generation module 304 generates hard prescriptions andelectronic (E-copy) prescriptions. Hard prescriptions are generallyproduced in triplicate in medical facilities. A first hard copy 318 isgenerally sent to the pharmacy, a second hard copy 320 is generally keptfor the patient's records, and a third hard copy 322 is sent totreatment location 106. An electronic prescription is sent to themedication management module 302. Prescription generation module 304 caninclude confirming operating parameters. The operating parameters can bebased on information from prescription entry module 324.

Prescription generation 304 can occur anywhere in the patient caresystem 100 such as, but not limited to, the pharmacy, the treatmentlocation 106, and a nursing center. A computerized physician order entry(CPOE) system or the like can be employed to carry out some or all ofthe functions of the prescription generation module 304. Clinicians 116can enter data in a variety of manners such as, but not limited to,using a tablet wireless computer, personal digital assistant, treatmentcart 132, and a workstation. The medication management module 302 caninterface with more than one prescription generation module 304. Themedication management module can receive orders from anywhere within thepatient care system 100.

The pharmacy computer 104 is able to access the electronic copy from themedication management module 302. The prescription activation module 306is a computer-assisted system for coordinating the filling and labelingof prescriptions. The filling of the prescription and the creation orlocation of medication 124 from stock is handled by the prescriptionactivation module 306. In an embodiment, the filling process results inthe creation of the medication label 124 a, as opposed to theprescription activation process.

The patient care system 100 can bypass the prescription activationmodule 306. This can occur if the ordering clinician 116, such as thepatient's physician, has the authority to immediately activate an order.If the order is immediately activated, the medication management module302 can go directly to filling and, thus, the prescription labelingmodule 326.

In block 326, the patient care system 100 prints the medication label124 a. The prescription can be printed remotely and will often beprinted by the pharmacy printer 104 d. After block 326, the patient caresystem goes to block 328. In block 328, the medication label 124 a isattached to the medication 124. The pharmacist generally provides avisual verification 334 that the medication label 124 a matches thefirst hard copy 318 of the prescription. FIG. 4 shows that a visualverification 334 is also associated with prescription authorizationmodule 308. The medication 124 can then be transported from the pharmacyto the treatment location 106. A portable medical treatment cart 132 canbe used for a portion of the route from the pharmacy to the treatmentlocation 106.

The medication label 124 a can include information for preparing theinfusion bag. If not generated within patient care system 100,medication label 124 a can be provided by a bulk medication supplier. Ifprovided by a bulk medication supplier, the patient care system 100gathers the information from the medication label 124 a. In addition,the patient care system 100 can add information, such as a patientidentifier, to the medication label 124 a.

The medication labeling module 328 places the medication label 124 a onthe medication 124. This can be accomplished manually. This can also beaccomplished using an automatic prescription filling and packagingsystem (not shown). If an automatic filling and packaging system isused, medication labeling module 328 provides data for coordination ofthe labeling of the medication 124 to the filling and packaging system.

At the treatment location 106, the clinician 116 uses a wireless device330, such as digital assistant 118 and/or medical treatment cart 132, toverify and administer medication 124 to the patient 112. Wireless device330 communicates with the medication management module 302 via acommunication path, such as first communication path 126.

Clinician 116 identifies him/herself by scanning badge 116 a, identifiesthe patient 112 by scanning wristband 112 a, identifies the medication124 by scanning medication label 124 a, and identifies the medicaldevice 332, such as infusion pump 120, by scanning label 120 d.

Clinician 116 can also identify him/herself by providing a fingerprintand/or password as described above and shown in the login screen 503 ofFIG. 19. The medical device 332 can be a medical device capable oftwo-way communication with the medication management module 302.Alternatively, the medical device 332 can only be capable of providinginformation to the medication management module 302. The infusion system210 assists the clinician 116 in administering and verifying the medicaltreatment. In an alternate embodiment, the infusion system 210 caninclude downloading of operating parameters to the medical device 332.Clinician 116 can provide a visual verification to confirm the thirdcopy 322 and/or the MAR matches the labeled medication 124. Scanner 338can be used to enter machine readable information from the third copy322 to the wireless device 330 and the medical device 332.

The patient care system 100 can make adjustments and modifications toinfusion orders. Among other modules that can include the ability tomake infusion adjustments are prescription entry 324, prescriptionactivation 306, prescription authorization 308, and prescriptionmodification module 336. Clinician 116 accesses the prescriptionmodification module 336 in order to make adjustments to an order. Theclinician 116 can access the prescription modification module 336throughout the patient care system 100. However, one very usefullocation for clinician 116 to access the prescription modificationmodule 336 is at treatment location 106.

In prescription authorization module 308, the patient care system 100determines whether the clinician 116 has the authority to independentlymodify an infusion order. The clinician 116 can be recognized by thepatient care system 100 as having the authority to independently modifycertain portions of the order. If the clinician 116 does not have theauthority to independently modify the order, a pharmacist or physiciancan be requested to approve the modification entered by the clinician116.

In one implementation of patient care system 100, an order is entered inpharmacy computer 104. The order includes a first patient identifier andan operating parameter. The pharmacy computer 104 generates a medicationlabel 124 a that is affixed to the medication bag or container. Themedication 124 is sent to a treatment location 106. At treatmentlocation 106, clinician 116 reads the clinician's badge 116 a, patient'swristband 112 a, and medication label 124 a with a digital assistant118. The digital assistant 118 reports, based on a determination made bythe central system 108, whether medication label 124 a and wristband 112a correspond to the same patient 112. The system 100 then sends themedication identifier to the pharmacy computer 104. The pharmacycomputer 104 confirms the medication label 124 a, identifies the samepatient as the order, and sends the operating parameter to an infusionpump. The operating parameter can be sent directly to the infusion pump120. The operating parameter is then used to program the infusion pumpto administer the medication 124 to the patient 112.

FIG. 5 is an exemplar block diagram of a computer screen 400 that isuseful in implementing various functions of the infusion system 210(FIG. 2). In addition to other functions, the computer screen 400 can beused to enter new infusion orders, to modify existing infusion orders,and to stop infusion orders. Computer screen 400 preferably includes aprocessing area 402, search areas 404, a medication information area406, a titration/tapering criteria area 408, an instruction and notearea 410, and a projected solution ingredient area 412.

Infusion medication order types include single dose, intermittent,continuous, sequencing, and alternating. Computer screen 400 can be usedwith digital assistant 118, pharmacy computer 104, infusion pump 120, aCPOE system, and medical treatment cart 132. Computer screen 400 isgenerally designed to have the look-and-feel of clinician accessiblecomputer screens throughout the patient care system 100 of FIG. 1. Thefunctions of computer screen 400 are partially accomplished withdatabase linkage techniques familiar to those having ordinary skill inthe art such as, but not limited to, hyperlinks, definition boxes, anddropdown menus.

The processing area 402 includes the ability to trigger the creation ofan infusion order, a save of an infusion order, the modification of aninfusion order, and a cancellation of an infusion order. Clinician 116can customize the computer screen 400 to provide the clinician's 116preferred order entry procedures. The processing area 402 includes astatus indicator for orders. The processing area 402 also includes anarea for indicating whether a PRN order (“as required” or “when needed”order) can be placed by clinician 116. The processing area 402 furtherincludes the ability to display and adjust medical device 332 operatingparameters, infusion order route, infusion line, infusion administrationsite, infusion order start time, infusion medication order type,infusion flow rate tolerance, infusion flow rate, infusion duration andarea of preparation (such as pharmacy or a remote site). The processingarea 402 can also include an area for linking medical orders to othermedical orders, or associated clinical monitoring, such as, linking aphysician's infusion order to another medical order entered by anotherclinician 116. The processing area 402 can include a trigger fordisplaying data in other areas of the computer screen 400 such as, butnot limited to, the projected solutions area 412.

Search areas 404 allow for searching for medications, solutions and/oradditives for infusion orders. Default diluents can be provided fororders. If a default dosage for a medication is defined in the patientcare system 100, the default dosage automatically appears with thesearch result that includes the medication. A search from search area404 can result in the display of the medication name, the route ofadministration, the cost, the package size, the dosage form, the genericname, whether the medication is a narcotic, whether the medication iscontrolled, whether formulary, and whether the medication ismanufactured.

Medication information area 406 can be used to define infusion orderadditives and solutions. Medication information area 406 can includeseparate additive areas and solution areas. The solution area caninclude a label, “Solution/Diluents.” The patient care system 100 mayuse a medication 124 database, a solutions database, and an additivedatabase to populate the medication information area 406 withmedications 124, solutions, and additives. Substances identified in onedatabase may also be identified in other databases. The databases may belinked to provide default values for combinations of the medications 124and solutions.

Titration/tapering criteria area 408 generally applies to continuousinfusion orders. Titration defines certain parameters of an order suchas dosage and/or flow rate. Dose and flow rate can be entered as anabsolute. Also, mathematical symbols such as, but not limited to,greater than “>,” less than “<,” and equal “=,” can be used alone or incombination to enter information in titration/tapering criteria area408. A calendar can also be used to enter data in titration/taperingcriteria area 408. Dosage and flow rate can also be entered as anacceptable range. Titration/tapering criteria area 408 can be hiddenwhen non-continuous infusion orders are entered and/or modified. Thetitration criteria can include values of various parameters related topatient condition such as, but not limited to, various lab results,vital signs, ability to take fluids orally, fluid input and output, andthe like.

Instruction and note area 410 includes the ability to save informationsuch as physician notes regarding a patient 112 and/or an infusionorder. The instruction and note area 410 can include a display andlookup area for identifying clinicians 116 that are responsible for thepatient 112, such as the patient's physician.

The projected solutions area 412 displays solution schedules and relatedingredients based on the current state of the order being processed forpatient 112. The time periods projected can be a patient care system 100default. The time period can also be adjustable by the clinician 116.The projected solutions area 412 can include an adjustable displayindicating the time period projected by the patient care system 100. Thedata displayed in the projected solutions area 412 is generally savedwhen an order save is triggered in the processing area 402.

The projected solutions area 412 can include the ability to look backover a period of time while modifying a previously entered order. Thisallows the clinician 116 to view solutions that may have already beenprepared according to the unmodified infusion order.

Infusion System Components

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing functional components of the infusionsystem 210 of FIG. 2. The functional components include blocks forsetting system parameters 502, infusion order creation 504, infusionorder preparation 506, medication administration 512, infusion ordermodifications 514, and messaging 520. FIG. 6 also includes blocks forpharmacy authorization 508, physician authorization 510, stop orders516, and inventory and billing 518. FIG. 6 presents one description ofthe infusion system. However, FIG. 6 does not define a required seriesof processes for implementing the infusion system. One of the benefitsof the infusion system is that a clinician 116 can access and enterinformation from a large number of locations, both physical andfunctional, within the patient care system 100. For example, an infusionorder can be created by a physician using a CPOE, by a pharmacist usingpharmacy computer 106, by a clinician 116 using digital assistant 118,and by a clinician using medication treatment cart 132. Moreover,vitals, lab results, and other records of patients can be checked from alarge number of locations within the health care facility including, forinstance, the inpatient pharmacy. Accordingly, a user within theinpatient pharmacy 104 (FIG. 1) can view, from a computing device 104 c,the wards within the health care facility.

Upon selection of a ward by the user, a patient list is provided whereinthe user can select a patient and associated records for display on thecomputing device. Alternatively, the user can enter all or part of thepatient's name into the computing device, whereby the records associatedwith the patient are provided by the computing device for selection bythe user. Upon selection, the record(s) is displayed.

In an embodiment, FIG. 6 can be viewed as first preparing the patientcare system 100 for receiving infusion orders—setting system parameters502; second, creating the infusion order—infusion order creation 504;third, preparing the infusion order—preparation 506; fourth, authorizingthe infusion order—pharmacy and physician authorization 508 and 510;fifth, administering the infusion order—medication administration 512;sixth, accounting for and replenishing the inventory used to prepare theinfusion order and billing the patient for the infusion order—inventoryand billing 518; seventh, modifying the infusion order—modifications514; and eighth, providing messages to various personnel and sub-systemsregarding the progress of the infusion order, infusion, messages forassisting in ensuring that the right medication is efficiently preparedand provided to the right patient, in the right dose and at the righttime, or the like—messages 520. Modifications 514 can include stoppingthe order—stop order 516—based on information provided by the transferinterface 310.

Setting system parameters 502 includes functional blocks that preparethe infusion system 210 to create and process infusion orders. Settingsystem parameters 502 includes, but is not limited to, settingtolerances 542, setting defaults 544, building databases 546, definingfunctions 548, and determining system settings 550. Setting systemparameters 502 is further described below in reference to FIG. 7.

Infusion order creation 504 includes functional blocks used to createinfusion orders. Infusion order creation 504 includes functions similarto those described in reference to prescription generation 304 (FIG. 4).Infusion order creation 504 includes, but is not limited to, enteringinformation 560, calculations 562, checks 564, and overrides 566.Infusion order creation is further described below in reference to FIG.8. The result of infusion order creation is an infusion order 702 (FIG.8). Infusion order 702 generally includes an infusion schedule 704 (FIG.8).

Infusion orders can require authorization as described in reference toblock 308 (FIG. 4). In FIG. 6, prescription authorization by thepharmacist and prescription authorization by the physician areconsidered separately in functional blocks for pharmacy authorization508 and physician authorization 510. Physician authorization 510 may notbe required if the infusion order is initiated by the physician. Theinfusion order generally requires pharmacy authorization 508 andphysician authorization 510 if the order is generated by a clinician atthe treatment location 106, other than the pharmacist or physician.However, if medication 124 is required immediately, the infusion system210 allows administering clinicians to bypass prescription authorization508 and physician authorization 510. In the case of emergency orders ornon-emergency orders for routine medications, the infusion system 210can determine there is no information stored in the patient care system100 related to the medical treatment the clinician 116 desires toadminister to the patient 112. If the infusion system 100 recognizes theclinician 116 as having the authority to initiate the desired medicaltreatment, the system 210 allows for the administration of the medicaltreatment without going to blocks 508 and 510. This authorization isthen obtained following administration.

Infusion order preparation 506 can be accomplished in a number oflocations throughout the medical facility such as, but not limited to,the pharmacy, the nursing center, on the floor, and the treatmentlocation 106. Preparation 506 includes providing instructions forpreparing the medication 124 and minimizing the possibility of errors inmedication preparation.

Medication administration 512 takes place at the treatment location 106.The infusion system 210 is designed to make the administration of theorder as efficient and accurate as possible. The infusion system 210provides the administrating clinician with the tools to administer theright medication to the right patient in the right dose, with the rightpump settings, at the right time, and via the right route. Should analert, alarm, reminder, or other message be appropriate in assisting theclinician with the administration of the medication, the medicationadministration module provides a status information output to themessaging 15 module 520. In response to the status information output,the messaging module 520 forwards a related text message, audibleindicator enable, or both, to one or more electronic computing devices.

As known by those having skill in the art, infusion orders arefrequently modified. Infusion system 210 provides modifications 514 toaccount for infusion order modifications. Modification 514 includesmodifications to infusion duration, flow rate, infusion site, and stoporders 516. Modification 514 also includes the functional blocksrequired to implement infusion order modifications.

The infusion system 210 can include patient care system wide 100 definedstop orders 516. Changes in patient status may generate messages 520 forappropriate action. The infusion system 210 coordinates with thetransfer interface 310 to automatically stop orders 516 upon dischargeor death.

The system 100 includes inventory and billing module 518. Inventory andbilling 518 allows the financial transactions associated with patientcare to proceed with a minimum of human intervention. The completion ofmedication administration 512 can trigger patient billing through thebilling interface 312. The billing interface can include an HL7interface. If patients are to be charged based on completion of infusionorder preparation 506, the inventory and billing system 210 includes acrediting process. The crediting process can be triggered when infusionbags are returned to the pharmacy for disposal or re-entry into thepharmacy inventory management system.

The infusion system 210 includes a messages module 520 for communicatingwith entities throughout the patient care system 100. In particular, themessages module 520 sends text messages, audible indication enables, orboth, to one or more electronic computing devices within the patientcare system 100. The messages are sent in response to a statusinformation output provided by the medication administration module orother infusion system modules within the patient care system 100. Themessages relate to the status information output and, as such, providealerts, alarms, reminders, or other messages appropriate in assistingthe clinician with medication administration.

For example, when a physician enters a new order, messaging appears inthe pharmacy to alert the pharmacists that an infusion order requiresauthorization. Likewise, when infusion orders are appropriatelyauthorized, the clinician 116 receives messaging on digital assistant118 to alert the clinician 116 that the infusion order should beadministered according to the infusion schedule 704. Overrides 566 maygenerate messages 520 for the physician and/or the pharmacy. Theinfusion system 100 can distinguish between system-wide and sub-systemoverrides in determining whether it is necessary to generate a message520. Messaging 520 includes messages received and/or sent to the centralsystem, the pharmacy, the physician, billing, and inventory. The systemcan present clinicians 116 with personal computer display views. Thepersonal computer display provides a view summarizing outstandingclinical problems for the clinician's patients. The clinician 116 canquickly retrieve detailed information for the patients.

The system 100 can also produce an email or page to digital assistant118, or other communication device, when certain critical patientconditions prevail.

FIG. 6 also depicts some of the communication paths that occur inpatient care system 100. The highlighted communication paths arepresented for ease in describing the infusion system 210. Those havingordinary skill in the art recognize that, when patient care system 100is practiced on a network, the various functional blocks can communicatewith each other via the paths highlighted in FIG. 6 and via alternatepaths that are not shown in FIG. 6. Setting system parameters 502includes communicating data related to the system parameters to infusionorder creation 504, via path 522, and/or receiving data from infusionorder creation 504 and providing data informing infusion order creation504 of how the received data relates to the system parameters.

Infusion orders can be passed directly, via path 524, to infusionpreparation 506. Infusion orders can also be passed to pharmacyauthorization 508, via path 526 and/or to physician authorization, viapath 528, before being sent to preparation 506. Path 530 highlights thedelivery of the medication 124 from the preparation area to thetreatment location 106.

Delivery can be accomplished using medication treatment cart 132. Paths532, 534, 536, and 538 highlight that inventory and billing 518transactions can be tied to a variety of other functions such as, butnot limited to, infusion order creation 504, preparation 506, medicationadministration 512, and modifications 514. Paths 572, 574, and 576highlight that a larger number of functions and actors involved inpatient care system 100 can generate and receive information viamessages 520. Path 582 highlights that system defaults 544 can becreated and/or modified by the pharmacist. And, path 580 highlights thatinformation, such as infusion orders, is available to a variety offunctional units throughout the system 100.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing functional components for the settingof system parameters 502 of FIG. 6. Setting system parameters 502includes, but is not limited to, setting tolerances 542, settingdefaults 544, building databases 546, defining functions 548, anddetermining system settings 550. Tolerances 542 include tolerances suchas, but not limited to, net medication tolerances 542 a, flow ratetolerances 542 b, administration time tolerances 542 c, administrationsystem duration 542 d, medication duration tolerances 542 e, and sitechange tolerances 542 f. The infusion system 210 can also includeseparate tolerances for order entry and modifications from the orderedtolerances. For example, separate tolerances can be identified such as,but not limited to, an administration system duration 542 d, an orderentry maximum infusion duration override availability setting, and anadministration maximum infusion duration override availability setting.

A net medication tolerance 542 a is a maximum concentration of amedication that is safe to administer to a patient during a given periodof time. The infusion system 210 associates the net medicationtolerances with medications. Net medication tolerances 542 a can bedefined in medication identification files in a medication database.During infusion order creation 504, the infusion system 210 candetermine the flow rate 560 e, the number of infusion bags required 562a for a specified period of time, the concentration of the primaryingredient in each infusion bag, the time period over which eachinfusion bag is to be administered, and the total volume of eachinfusion bag. Flow rates can be manually entered or adjusted by alteringthe final concentration or the duration of each infusion bag. In anembodiment, the infusion system 210 performs a net concentration check564 a (FIG. 8) to ensure the maximum concentration of the medication isnot exceeded. However, if at any time while a clinician 116 is modifyingthe flow rate by adjusting the final concentration resulting in thefinal concentration of a solution exceeding the maximum concentration ofthe medication, the infusion system 210 sends a message 520 to theadministering clinician. The administering clinician can be authorizedto override the net medication tolerance 542 a. The infusion system 210can require the clinician 116 to provide a reason for the override.

Infusion system 210 can include adjustable flow rate tolerances 542 band flow rate adjustment tolerances for administration. Flow ratetolerances 542 b are optionally defined for all organizational levels ofthe patient care system 100. The tolerances 542 b can be for the entirepatient care system 100, or for sub-systems of the patient care system100. For example, different flow rate tolerances 542 b can apply tosub-systems such as, but not limited to, neonatal, pediatric,psychiatric, specific nursing units, and for specific patients. The flowrate tolerances 542 b can be specified relative to the original orderedflow rate or relative to the immediately preceding flow rate. Theclinician 116 can also specify a flow rate tolerance specific to aparticular order.

The infusion system 210 can include a pre-defined indication of whetherthe administering clinician 116 is permitted to override the flow ratetolerance 542 b without requiring a new order. This indication can applyto the entire patient care system 100, a sub-system, or an individualclinician 116.

The maximum infusion duration 542 d can be separately definable for thevarious portions of the patient care system 100. The maximum infusionduration 542 d can also be specific to a particular medication 124. Amaximum infusion duration override 566 (FIG. 8) can be provided if it ispermissible to override the maximum infusion duration 542 d at the timeof order entry. An administration maximum infusion duration override canbe provided to set whether it is permissible to override the maximuminfusion duration 542 d at the time of administration and which group ofusers is allowed to do so. If it is permissible to override during orderentry and/or administration, the infusion system 210 can define a subsetof the clinicians 116 that have the authority to override the maximuminfusion duration 542 d.

Defaults 544 include defaults such as, but not limited to, medicationdiluents defaults 544 a, diluents quantity defaults 544 b, dose defaults544 c, and units of measure defaults 544 d. Units of measurement (UOM)defaults 544 d include the ability to specify the units of measurementthat are most suitable for different portions of the patient care system100. For example, medication can be measured in different units byphysicians, administering clinicians, pharmacists, financial personnel,and medication screeners. The physician's UOM is generally a measurablevalue such as “mmol,” “mEq,” “ml,” and/or “mg,” as opposed to “vial”and/or “puff.” The physician's UOM is used for tasks such as orderingand entering information 560.

The administering clinician's UOM is generally a value that reflects theUOM the medication will be administered in, such as “puff,” “tbsp,” and“tab.” The administering clinician's UOM is used during medicationadministration 512. The administering clinician's UOM can also appear ondocumentation such as administration reports, admixture fill andmanufacturing work orders.

The pharmacy UOM is generally a value that reflects the physical formthe medication is dispensed in such as “tab,” “vial,” “inhalator,” and“jar.” The pharmacy UOM is used in preparation 506 and in stocking anddispensing systems. The financial UOM is generally a value used tocalculate the financial figures that appear on bills and invoices. Themedication screening UOM is generally used when screening themedication.

Units of measurement defaults 544 d can be specified using a check-boxtable where checkmarks are placed in a table correlating the variousUOMs with the users of the UOMs. The infusion system 210 can use thesame UOM for more one function. For example, the physician's UOM can bethe same as the pharmacist's UOM. Setting defaults 544 include datanecessary to coordinate the various UOMs. For example, UOM defaults 544d can include the multipliers and dividers necessary to create aone-to-one correspondence between the various UOMs. The UOM defaults 544b can be changed to suit the desires of the individual clinicians.However, the one-to-one correspondence should be maintained by thepatient care system 100.

The infusion system 210 can be designed to maintain a history ofmedication unit defaults. The infusion system 210 can also includemedication measurement suffixes. The medication measurement suffixes candefault during order entry. The medication measurement suffixes can becommon units of measuring a medication and can include units related topatient characteristics such as body surface area and weight. Medicationmeasurement suffixes can be designated per drug, per order type, perdose, and per UOM. Building database 546 includes building databasesand/or portions of a single database such as, but not limited to,preparation area 546 a, additive information 546 b, solution 546 c,pre-mix definitions 546 d, favorites 546 e, timing override reasons 546f, flow rate override reasons 546 g, translation tables 546 h, flow ratedescription 546 i, equipment and routing information 546 j, and messagetrigger 546 k.

Timing override reasons 546 f include displayable reasons for modifyingthe timing of infusion orders. For example, timing override reasons 546f can include a stylus-selectable reason for digital assistant display118 a for administering an infusion order at a time other than the timespecified in the original infusion order. If the clinician 116administers a medication outside the ordered administration timetolerance 542 c, the clinician 116 can be required to choose a reasoncode for the modification from displayed reasons 1008 f (FIG. 11).

Examples of other reason codes include, but are not limited to, PRNadministration reason codes and codes for stopping an infusion.

Medications 124 and/or infusion orders can have flow rate tolerances,including system flow rate tolerances 542 b. The infusion system 210 caninclude flow rate override reasons table 546 g. Flow rate overridereasons 546 g are notations that the clinician 116 can choose from,and/or supply, if the clinician 116 needs to change the flow rate beyondthe bounds defined by the flow rate tolerance 542 b. The infusion system210 can include a defined message trigger 546 k indicating whether ornot a message should be sent to the patient's physician if a clinician116 overrides an order-defined flow rate tolerance. The infusion system210 can also include defined message triggers 546 k indicating whetheror not a message should be sent, and to whom, if a clinician 116overrides a tolerance, such as flow rate tolerances 542 b, defined at alevel other than the order.

The infusion system 210 can include translation tables 546 h such as,but not limited to, a flow rate translation table, a varying ingredienttranslation table, and varying flow rate translation table. Flow ratetranslation includes translating an infusion order into a flow ratedefined by volume/time where the order is originally specified in anyway such as, but not limited to, dosage/time with a particularconcentration, volume per unit of weight/time, dosage per unit of bodysurface area/time, and total dosage and duration.

Varying ingredient translation includes translating a plurality of flowtimes of infusion orders with varying ingredients in separate infusionbags into the flow rate for the infusion bag currently beingadministered. Orders with varying ingredients include orders such as,but not limited to, sequencing orders. In sequencing orders, differentbags have different ingredients and potentially different flow rates.

Varying flow rate translation includes translation of infusion orderswith varying flow rates into the flow rate for the current solutionbeing infused. Varying flow rate orders include orders such as, but notlimited to, bolus/basal, orders, tapering dose orders and alternatingdose orders.

The infusion system 210 can include predefined infusion flow rates 542b. The predefined infusion flow rates 542 b can be associated with flowrate descriptions 546 i to permit selection from a drop-down list as ashortcut from keying in the flow rate. Defined functions 548 includefunctions such as, but not limited to, preparation area function 548 a,bag duration function 548 b, verify override requests function 548 c,duration to volume function 548 d, duration to flow rate function 548 e,and flow rate to drip rate function 548 f. The infusion system 210 caninclude a duration-to-volume function 548 d to determine the amount tobe infused per the infusion order. Flow rate to drip rate function 548 fuses information about the medical device 330 to convert flow rates todrip rates.

Determined settings 550 include settings such as, but not limited to,override authorities 550 a, flow rate precision 550 b, volume precision550 c, and time precision 550 d. The infusion system 210 can, ifdesired, determine the total volume of infusions and the flow rate(s) ofthe infusion order. If these numbers are determined, it is desired toround the calculated values to flow rate precisions 550 b and volumeprecisions 550 c that are comprehensible to clinicians 116 such as thephysician, the pharmacist, and the nurse. Flow rate display precision550 b can be set to display the flow rate to a set number of decimalplaces. Various parts of the patient care system 100 can independentlydetermine the precision for displayed flow rates. For example, theinfusion system 210 can display to one decimal place for an adulttreatment location, and to three decimal places for a neonatal treatmentlocation. The flow rate precision 550 b reflects the service in whichthe clinician's patient(s) are located. The flow rate(s) of the infusionorder can be rounded to a system-defined precision. The precision can besame for all infusion orders or be dependent on the patient's service.

Volume display precision 550 c can similarly be set to display infusionvolumes to a set number of decimal places. Settable time precision 550 dcan be used to calculate the administration duration period based onflow rate if the infusion is a single dose infusion or an intermittentinfusion. The total volume of each infusion bag calculated is roundedaccording to the volume precision 550 c. The administration time isrounded by the infusion system 210 according to the set time precision550 d. The time precision 550 d can be the same for all infusion ordersregardless of the patient's service or may be service-specific.

Order Creation

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing functional components for infusionorder creation 504 of FIG. 6. Infusion order creation 504 includesfunctional blocks for creating infusion orders. Infusion order creation504 includes entering information 560, calculations 562, checks 564, andoverrides 566. Entering information 560 can include functions such as,but not limited to, identifying the order type 560 a, identifying themedications 560 b, identifying the dose 560 c, identifying the diluent560 d, identifying the flow rate 560 e, and identifying the infusionsite 560 f.

Infusion order creation 504 is linked to infusion bag preparation 506,infusion bag delivery (path 530), medication administration 512, andinfusion order modifications 514. Infusion order types 560 a includeorder types such as, but not limited to, single dosing, load dosing,intermittent dosing, and continuous. Continuous infusions includealternating infusions, sequencing infusions, tapering infusions, andtitrating infusions. Upon selection of the first medication 560 b in aninfusion order, an infusion order type 560 a form for the medication maydefault. The ordering clinician can have the option of selecting adifferent order type. The dose 560 c and unit of measure 544 d can alsodefault. The unit of measure 544 d can be correlated with the medicationand/or the dose 544 c. The infusion system 210 can include a defaultdiluent, or several default diluents, for the medication. One defaultcan be identified as a preferred diluent. A description can beassociated with the diluent to assist the ordering clinician to decidewhich diluent to select. The diluent description can include a referenceavoiding use of a particular diluent if a patient is hypertonic.

The infusion system 210 can also allow additional infusion ordersubtypes 560 a based on the previously mentioned infusion order types.Additional infusion order subtypes 560 a can include, but are notlimited to, TPN infusion orders, chemotherapy continuous infusionorders, piggyback infusion orders, and large volume parenteral infusionorders. The infusion order subtypes can be accessed from different partsof the infusion system 210 allowing sorting and filtering of infusionorders according to the subtypes. A special label format for eachinfusion order subtype can also be defined to further customize infusionorder subtype orders and associated pharmacy workflow.

When searching for a medication 124 during infusion order creation 504,the medication 124 can be flagged as additive and/or a solution to aidthe clinician 116 in creating the infusion order. This designation canbe made in a medication identification file. Medication dose 560 c canbe determined in a number of ways such as, but not limited to, accordingto body weight, body surface area, and entered according to rate. Whenthe flow rate is not entered, the infusion system 210 calculates theflow rate according to the dose and time period specified. The orderingclinician can specify the diluent 560 d and its quantity. The pharmacycan provide a default for such parameters—see line 582 (FIG. 6). A check564 can be performed to ensure the net concentration 564 a for themedication 560 b and the flow rate 564 b are appropriate.

The infusion system 210 can identify and/or calculate flow rates 560 ebased on the patient's weight, body surface area, and/or a specifiedfrequency and duration of therapy. The ordered flow rate 560 e ischecked 564 b against the flow rate tolerances, such as system flow 30rate tolerance 542 b. The net concentration of the medication 124 can bechecked 564 a against net concentration tolerances, such as the systemnet concentration tolerance 542 a.

In an embodiment, flow rate 560 e can also include displayingdescriptions of default flow rates to facilitate the entering of orders.Flow rate 560 e can reference flow rate descriptions database 546 i.Calculations 562 can include calculating the dose based on patientweight and/or height (possibly provided by ADT interface 310), the drugamount, diluent volume, concentration, or rate. Calculations 562 caninclude, but are not limited to, calculating the flow rate, if notspecified in the prescription, the bag quantity 562 a or number ofinfusion bags required for a specified period of time, the time periodover which each infusion bag is to be administered, and the total volumeof each infusion and infusion bag based on the concentration of theingredients in the solution. Flow rates, volume to be infused, and/orduration can be modified.

If modified, the infusion system 210 automatically calculates dependentquantities, based on calculations, if the maximum dosage for theingredients in the concentration would be exceeded as identified in theingredient's medication file, the patient care infusion system 210alerts the pharmacist and/or clinician 116 and can ask for a reason codefor the adjustment. Calculations 562 can include calculations such as,but not limited to, bag quantity calculations 562 a, translationcalculations 562 b, duration to volume calculations 562 c, and flow rateto drip rate calculations 562 d. Checks 564 include a variety of checksthat an infusion order can be subject to. The checks include checks suchas, but not limited to, a net concentration check 564 a, a flow ratecheck 564 b, an administration time check 564 c, a duration check 564 d,and an infusion site check 564 e. If an infusion order fails a check564, the clinician 116 may be able to override the check. Overrides 566can include overrides such as, but not limited to, a net concentrationoverride 566 a, a flow rate override 566 b, an administration timeoverride 566 c, a duration override 566 d, and an infusion site override566 e.

Overrides 566 can generate messages 520 for the physician and/or thepharmacy. The infusion system 210 can distinguish between system-wideand subsystem overrides in determining whether it is necessary togenerate a message 520.

Overrides can include an indication of whether clinicians have theauthority to override a tolerance. For example, flow rate override 566 bcan provide an indication of whether the clinician entering the infusionorder has the authority to override the system flow rate tolerance 542b. This indication can apply to the patient care system 100 or asubsystem. Duration override 566 d can provide an indication of whetherthe clinician 116 entering the infusion order has the authority tooverride the system duration 542 d. This indication can apply to thepatient care system 100 or a subsystem. Overrides 566 also includedisplaying of reasons for the override 566 f. Reasons for the overrides566 f can be selected by the clinician 116 from dropdown menus.

The result of the infusion order creation 504 is an infusion order 702.Infusion order 702 can include an infusion schedule 704. The infusionsystem 210 can look ahead a period of time and generate the infusionschedule 704—so long as the infusion order 702 is active—for infusionbag filling for that time period, or longer if specified on demand. Theordering clinician is not required to specify an end-date for theinfusion order. The infusion system 210 can include automatic schedulingof infusion bag delivery based on infusion system 210 defined tolerances542.

Order Preparation

FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing functional components for infusionorder preparation 506 of FIG. 6. Infusion preparation 506 includesfunctional blocks for preparing infusion order 702 (FIG. 8). Infusionpreparation 506 can include, but is not limited to, determiningpreparation location 506 a, scanning ingredients 506 b, bag durationchecking 506 c, and bar code printing 506 d for medication labels 124 a.Bar code printing 506 d can include the functions described above inreference to print label 326 (FIG. 4).

After infusion orders are entered into the infusion system 210,preparation instructions are routed to a preparation location. Thepreparation location depends upon the infusion system's 210 preparationprogram 506 and the infusion components. The infusion system 210 caninclude adjustable databases, such as preparation area database 546 a,that specify where the infusion order is to be prepared. The infusionorder can be prepared in the pharmacy or in a remote location, such ason the floor or at the treatment location 106. The clinician 116 isguided through the preparation process, including bar code verificationof ingredients, using event management information that can be displayedon digital assistant 118 or another device having a display.

The medication label 124 a identifies the ingredients and ingredientconcentrations. The medication label 124 a can be printed in anylocation. The medication label 124 a preferably includes bar codeprinting 506 d. Bar code printing 506 d can include printing a bar codelabel 124 a for each infusion bag. The label 124 a assists in ensuringthat the correct medication is administered at the correct times and/orin the correct sequence. Alternating and sequencing infusion orders areparticularly vulnerable to sequencing and timing errors. Bar codeprinting 506 d can include printing a unique bar code label for everybag in infusion order 702. Bar code printing 506 d can also includeprinting a bar code label 124 a that uniquely identifies the combinationof ingredients in an infusion bag and the concentration of thoseingredients. The bar code for medication 124 can include a prefix, asuffix, and the national drug code (NCD).

In an embodiment, the bar code can also include a lot and expirationdate. Alternatively, a separate bar code can be provided to include thelot and expiration date. Other embodiments of the bar code, includingactive or passive RFID tags, magnetic strips, etc. can be used.

Medication Administration

FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing functional components for medicationadministration 512 of FIG. 6. Medication administration 512 includesfunctional blocks that are used to administer the medication to patient112. Medication administration 512 can include reading a medication barcode 512 a, reading a patient bar code 512 b, running an expirationcheck 512 c, providing titrate notification 512 d, providing a flow rateto drip rate display 512 e, providing “as needed” infusion initiation512 f, downloading operating parameters 512 g, and time monitoring 512h. The infusion system 210 can also translate orders that may have morethan one flow rate, such as tapering and alternating orders, into theflow rate for the infusion bag currently being administered. Theinfusion system 210 can also translate orders having infusion bags withdifferent ingredients, such as sequencing orders, into the flow rate forthe infusion bag currently being administered.

Upon administering the medication 124, the clinician 116 scans themedication label 124 a. The infusion system 210 includes scanning thebar-coded label 124 a when initiating the administration of the infusionorder, when changing flow rates, changing bags, and/or stopping theinfusion order. Infusion system 210 verifies that the infusion baghaving the bar-coded label should be administered at that time and isfor patient 112. The history of the medication administration, includingflow rates and volumes administered, can be captured and maintained.

Some infusion orders require hanging of an infusion bag with the intentof only a partial, specific amount of the infusion bag to beadministered. The infusion system 210 allows a clinician 116 to order anamount of an infusion bag to be administered. Most infusion pumps havethe ability to define the volume to be administered or the flow rate andtime period. Once this time has elapsed, the infusion pump willautomatically prevent further administration.

Infusion system 210, as a reminder to the administering clinician,provides a message on the medication label 124 a that it is to bepartially administered and the appropriate volume to be administered.

Flow rate to drip rate display 512 e uses data generated by flow rate todrip rate functions 548 f to provide the administering clinician withdrip rates for the current infusion bag.

During medication administration 512, the clinician 116 can check on theflow rate and other 30 operating parameters using the digital assistant118. Flow rate modifications 1002 b (FIG. 11) are communicated inreal-time.

The infusion system 210 can include PRN or “as needed” infusioninitiation 512 f. “As needed” infusion initiation 512 causes thecreation of a new active order and the preparation of the PRNmedication. This option can include prompting the clinician 116 toselect a PRN infusion from a list of anticipatory PRN orders placed forthe patient and defaulting the requested infusion bags to one. Theclinician 116 can have the authority to modify the requested quantity ofinfusion bags.

Downloading of operating parameters 512 g can include determiningwhether the patient identifier associated with the medical treatmentand/or the patient identifier retrieved from the wristband 112 a, is thesame as the patient identifier associated with the medical treatment atthe central location. The determination often is made by the firstcomputer, for example, the first central server 109. If the infusionsystem 210 determines the various patient identifiers are not the same,the system can generate an alarm message 520. If the infusion system 210determines the various patient identifiers are the same, the infusionsystem 210 can download the operating parameters directly to the medicaldevice 332. The infusion system 210 can send the operating parameters toa medical device 332, such as infusion pump 120.

One benefit of the system program 210 is that the operating parametersfor the medical device 332 do not have to pass through digital assistant118, or any other computer in the remote location, prior to theoperating parameters being available to program the medical device 332.Bypassing computers at the remote location eliminates a potential sourceof errors in administering medication 124 to a patient 112. Theoperating parameters for the medical device 332 can be sent “directly”to the medical device 332 assuming the various verifications areachieved. In this context, “directly” means that the operatingparameters can be sent to the medical device without passing through thedigital assistant 118, or any other computer in the remote location.

In another embodiment, the infusion system 210 can include an additionalblock (not shown) where the central computer accepts a second medicationidentifier. The clinician 116 at the remote location can enter thesecond medication identifier. The second medication identifier can be arevised first medication identifier. For example, the second medicationidentifier can be part of the prescription or electronic physician orderentry that is the source for the first patient ID and the operatingparameters. The infusion system 210 can then confirm the first andsecond medication IDs are equivalent prior to sending the operatingparameters to the medical device. The second medication ID can bereplaced by a revised first medication ID between the time theprescription is entered and the time the medication 124 arrives at thetreatment location 106. The infusion system 210 will then sound an alarmif the second medication identifier is not equivalent to the firstmedication identifier that was included in the medication label 124 a.In a further embodiment, the infusion system 210 can include anadditional block (not shown) where the operating parameter is used toprogram the medical device 332.

Various blocks of the infusion system 210, such as block 512, caninclude displaying treatment information on the digital assistant 118.This can include displaying information that mirrors the information ondisplay 120 c of infusion pump 120. The information on display 120 c ofinfusion pump 120 can be supplemented with information about the patient112, the patient location, and the infusion order. This information caninclude information regarding multiple channels of infusion pump 120.The displayed information can include information such as, but notlimited to, personality, prompt line, status line, operating icons andpump head display. Operating icons include falling drop, stop sign, flowcheck piggyback, and delay start.

The pump head display includes information such as the drug label andthe infusion rate. Those having ordinary skill in the art are familiarwith the displayed information and operating icons described above.

The infusion system 210 time monitoring 512 h calculates the timeremaining for an order to be completed and the volume of an infusionorder that remains to be administered. When the clinician 116 uses theinfusion system 210 to administer the infusion order, to make flow ratechanges, and to check on the status of an infusion, the infusion system210 calculates time and volume remaining to be administered andindicates if the calculation indicates a partial bag will be used. Forexample, on the last bag of an order that is to be stopped before thefull volume is administered, and/or on a bag within an order that mustbe changed before the full volume is administered, the clinician 116 isalerted on digital assistant 118 and/or cart 132. The alert can includea message such as, “Please only administer 150 ml.” Time monitoring 512h includes tracking any modifications made to the flow rate using barcode scanning. The pharmacy is alerted in real time to adjust thepreparation 506 of the next required infusion bag according to themodification. Monitoring of preparation 506 and medicationadministration 512 allows for a just-in-time delivery of medication 124.Just-in-time delivery reduces wastage attributed to discontinued orchanged infusion orders.

Monitoring also ensures patient 112 safety. For titrate PRN orders, theclinician 116 is automatically notified of required flow rate changes ifthe titration conditions in the order indicate that the flow rate mustbe changed. The infusion system 210 includes defined functions forcalculating a conversion of flow rates to drip rates 548 f. The infusionsystem 210 defined values can be adjustable. The infusion system 210 caninclude automatic translation of flow rate to drip rate 548 f to assistthe clinician 116 during administration of the treatment.

Order Documentation and Modification

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing functional components for infusionorder documentation 1012, and the infusion order modifications 514 andmessaging 520 of FIG. 6. Messaging 520 includes messages related tosystem 520 a, pharmacy 520 b, physician 520 c, billing 520 d, andinventory 520 e. Modifications 514 include functional blocks used tomodify existing infusion orders. Modification 514 can also be viewed ascreating new orders to replace existing infusion orders.

Modification 514 can include modification changes 1002, generally allordering options for new orders 1004 are available, rechecks 1006,recheck overrides 1008, and new flow rate to new drip rate display 1010.Infusion order modifications often lead to documentation 1012 andmessaging 520. Modifications 514 include the functions described inreference to prescription modification module 336 (FIG. 4). However,modifications 514 are also accessible from other portions of the patientcare system 100 such as, but not limited to, prescription entry 324,prescription activation 306, and prescription authorization 308.

Modifications 514 include modifying the duration 1002 a, modifying theflow rate 1002 b, using a new infusion site 1002 c, identifying reasonsfor modifications 1002 d, identifying the volume of an infusion bag 1002e, and processing stop orders 1002 f. Clinicians 116 can also change aninfusion rate without an order if the patient 112 is complaining ofdiscomfort or to facilitate fluid balance, such as when the patient 112is vomiting.

Modification changes 1002 include identifying a new duration 1002 a,identifying a new flow rate 1002 b, identifying a new infusion site 1002c, identifying a reason for a modification 1002 d, identifying thevolume remaining in the infusion bag 1002 e, and stop orders 516. Theordering options available during initial infusion order creation 504are generally available for modifying the infusion order. Orderingoptions available during initial infusion order creation 504 includethose shown in FIG. 8. Rechecks 1006 and recheck overrides 1008 areanalogous to checks 564 and overrides 566 that are described inreference to FIG. 8. New drip rate to new flow rate display 1010 assiststhe clinician and minimizes the possibility of errors during medicationadministration 512. The modified infusion order can lead to a modifiedinfusion schedule.

Flow rates are frequently modified at the treatment location 106 forreasons such as to catch-up without changing the schedule forpreparation when the infusion has been inadvertently stopped for a shorttime period. Such modifications may not require new infusion schedule704 to be communicated to the pharmacy. In other cases, the new schedule704 should be communicated to the pharmacy or other preparation staff.Flow rate modifications 1002 b trigger infusion order scheduling changesand/or messages 520 for appropriate clinicians 116.

When a clinician 116 enters a flow rate modification 1002 b into theinfusion system 210 at treatment location 106, the clinician 116 canalso elect to have the infusion schedule 704 recalculated and sent tothe pharmacy. The clinician 116 has the option of requesting newmedication labels 124 a to be printed by bar code printing 506 d module.The new medication labels 124 a include data reflecting the newinformation for any of the previously prepared infusion bags.

The infusion system 210 and/or the clinician 116 can request amodification to the infusion site 1002 c. The site can be selected froma list of anatomical representations on a computer screen. The clinician116 can be required to identify a reason for the modification 1002 d.Reasons stored in databases such as, but not limited to, overridereasons for timing 546 f and override reasons for flow rate 546 g, canbe displayed for easy identification by the clinician 116. There can bea separate hard-coded reason for physician-ordered modifications. Forphysician ordered modifications, the clinician 116 can be requested toidentify the physician.

Prior to implementing the modification, the volume remaining in thecurrent infusion bag is identified 1002 e. The clinician 116 can beoffered the option of accepting a volume calculated from a displayedvalue of pre-modification flow rate and/or volume. If desired, thecurrent infusion can be stopped 1002 f. If stopping the order is notrequired, for example the same infusion bag can be used with a new flowrate and/or a new medication added, the old flow rate can be identifiedand compared to the modified flow rate.

Any infusion bags that were previously prepared can be checked forexpiration based on the new infusion schedule 704. When an infusionorder is resumed following either a temporary stop or a hold order, theexpiration check can be done regarding expiration of solutions that havealready been prepared.

The new infusion schedule 704 is used to control the preparation 506 inthe pharmacy or other preparation site. A system default 544 can be setfor whether or not any prepared bags should be credited to the patient112 through the billing interface 312, and whether or not they should becredited to inventory.

Infusion order changes 1002 include all ordering options available 1004for new orders. The modified flow rate can be rechecked 1006 for rulesand tolerances such as, but not limited to, net concentration 1006 a,flow rate 1006 b, administration time 1006 c, duration 1006 d, andinfusion site 1006 e. Overrides 1008 can be available for modificationsthat are outside of tolerances. Overrides 1008 include net concentration1008 a, flow rate 1008 b, administration time 1008 c, duration 1008 d,and infusion site 1008 e. The infusion system 210 can display reasons1008 f for overrides and for administering medications at times otherthan that specified in the original order. The clinician 116 can berequired to identify a reason for the modification.

The infusion system 210 can offer the clinician 116 a display indicatingthe modified drip rate associated with the modified flow rate 1012. Thedisplayed information can be calculated by the flow rate to drip rate548 f defined function. The infusion system 210 can also be providedwith descriptions of typical infusion tubing used within the infusionsystem 210 for use in calculating drip rates.

A modification results in the infusion system 210 validating theexpiration of the infusion bag and providing a message to the clinician116 if the infusion bag expires prior to the completion of the order.The message can request that the clinician 116 contact the pharmacy. Thevalidation of the expiration of the infusion bag for solutions such as,but not limited to, premixed solutions and solutions manufacturedoutside of the infusion system 210, may include parsing the scan code.

Flow rate override 1008 b can provide an indication of whether theclinician 116 modifying the infusion order has the authority to overridethe ordered limit without requiring approval for a new infusion order.This indication can apply to the patient care system 100 or a subsystem.Documentation 1012 captures infusion order information in real-time.Documentation includes documenting multiple infusions being administeredat the same time and infusion modifications such as, but not limited to,duration changes 1012 a, flow rate changes 1012 b, volume changes 1012c, and infusion site changes 1012 d.

The infusion system 210 can assist the clinician 116 in capturing allchanges in flow rate as the changes are occurring. The clinician 116 canchange the flow rate as called for in the order, such as to decrease amorphine infusion flow rate from 4 ml to 2 ml. Though the infusionsystem 210 may recognize the change as a new order, the infusion system210 may be configured to avoid duplication so that the modified orderdoes not result in the generation of a new bag.

Documentation 1012 includes the ability to document changes such as, butnot limited to, an infusion that is stopped temporarily, discontinued,and/or restarted. The clinician 116 may stop infusion for a variety ofreasons, such as the infusion site having been compromised, the infusionhas been dislodged, and/or the infusion may be heparin/saline locked tofacilitate the movement of patient 112. The infusion can be resumed whena new site/infusion has been reestablished. However the length of timethis may take is variable and is generally recorded by the infusionsystem 210.

Government regulations often require tracking of every step in theprocess of infusion administration. Infusion system 210 allows theadministering clinician 116 to document flow rate modifications on adigital assistant 118, or other computer device, by scanning themedication label 124 a and adjusting the flow rate 1002 a based on atolerance, such as a tolerance created by set tolerance 542. A flow ratemodification 1002 b corresponds in real time with the associatedpharmacy's infusion schedule 704 to ensure just-in-time inventorymanagement of infusion bags to the patient treatment area 106.Documentation 1012 may allow order backdating under some circumstances.

The infusion system 210 includes the ability to document the infusionsite 1012 d and multiple infusions 1012 e for multiple infusion sites.In many situations, a patient 112 can have multiple medications 124 and“y-ed” infusions so that the some infusions are running into one siteand other infusions are infusing into another site. For example,morphine infusion, antibiotics and normal saline infused into the rightarm (site 1) and TPN and ⅔ & ⅓ running into a double lumen CVL (site 2).The infusion system 210 allows clinician 116 to document which site thevarious fluids are infusing through. In treatment locations 106, such asintensive care units, many more than two infusions may be running intoone line or one lumen.

Clinicians 116 are able to indicate which lumen of a CVL the infusion ormedication is running into. The infusion system 210 includes the abilityto document the site location 1012 d for infusions and any site locationchanges. Infusion sites are frequently changed due to occlusions orpolicy. Therefore, clinicians 116 must document a change in the sitelocation if an infusion becomes dislodged and was subsequentlyrestarted.

The infusion system provides for centralized device configuration.Operating parameters for medical devices, such as infusion pump 120,often include defaults and/or tolerances. The defaults and/or tolerancescan reside in the infusion system 210, for example flow rate tolerance542 b, and/or in a memory associated with the device 332. For example,infusion pumps 120 can include a database having a table of medicationshaving associated flow rate tolerances. If the clinician 116 enters aflow rate that is beyond the associated flow rate tolerance, theclinician 116 is warned and then can be allowed to proceed, orprohibited from proceeding. Devices 332 such as heart rate monitors canalso have configurable tolerances for alerts. In addition to alerts,many other characteristics can typically be configured for devices 332such as: network name, IP address, polling frequency, and colors. Theinfusion system 210 includes configuring medical devices 332individually or in groups from one or more central computers.

System configuration parameters can be defined for a first type ofmedical device. The system configuration parameters are sent andaccepted by the first type of device unless the particular first type ofdevice has more specific configuration parameters that apply to thatparticular first type of device. For example, a first plurality of afirst type medical device can be located at general care treatmentlocations. A second plurality of the first type of medical device can belocated at an intensive care treatment location. The general caretreatment location may not have specific configuration parameters whilethe intensive care treatment location does have specific treatmentparameters. System configuration parameters will apply to all of thefirst type of medical devices throughout the infusion system 210, i.e.the devices in the general care treatment locations, unless specificconfiguration parameters apply, e.g. the intensive care treatmentlocation.

For each type of device, specific configuration parameters that apply toall devices of that type across a particular grouping of the devicesoverride the system configuration parameters if a particular devicebelongs to the group having such a definition, unless the specificconfiguration parameters are overridden at an even more specific levelwithin the infusion system 210. The groups might be defined as aclinical service, a nursing unit, and/or a combination of service andnursing unit.

For each type of device, the user can define sets of configurationparameters that apply to all devices of that type being used foroperations with specified ranges of attributes that override any otherdefinition. In a hospital, the operations might consist of infusionorders and the attributes might include patient weight, drug, patientdisease state, and patient acuity.

Devices can be identified as part of a general group, a specific group,and/or be associated with a particular patient by including the deviceaddress in a table in a database. General or specific configurationparameters can then be sent to the device according to theidentification of the device. The specific configuration parameters canthen be read back to the infusion system 210 and compared to theoriginally sent configuration parameters to verify the originalconfiguration parameters were correctly received by the device 332. Ifthe configuration parameters were not correctly received, the infusionsystem 210 can provide a message 520 identifying the discrepancies orthe communication failure.

The infusion system 210 can detect changes to configuration parametersmade at the device, rather than through a central computer, and send amessage and/or alert 520. The infusion system 210 can also poll thedevices to verify their configuration parameters. If system and/orspecific configuration parameters change, the changes can be propagatedto all devices 332 identified in the system as belonging to the groupaccording to the groupings identified in the infusion system 210.

Throughout this document and the related claims, “central location” and“remote location” are relative terms to each other. A “remote location”is any location where a patient is receiving treatment through acontrolled medical device, such as a patient treatment location 106where patient 112 is receiving treatment through an infusion pump 120.“Central location” is any location, other than the remote location,where parameters for operating the medical device are accessible suchas, but not limited to, the location of the pharmacy computer 104 andthe central system 108. In a typical arrangement, several remotelocations, such as treatment location 106, are in communication with acentral location.

While the present disclosure has focused on the use of infusion pumps120 within the system 210, it is understood that other medical devicesmay be used within the system 210 10 without departing from the scope ofthe present invention. For example, various types of medical devicesinclude, but are not limited to, infusion pumps, ventilators, dialysismachines, etc. An additional type of medical device is amicro-electromechanical system (MEMS) component. MEMS is a technologyused to create small or tiny devices which can be less than a millimeterin size, though they can also be larger as well. MEMS devices aretypically fabricated from glass wafers or silicon, but the technologyhas grown far beyond its origins of the semiconductor industry. EachMEMS device is an integrated micro-system on a chip that can incorporatemoving mechanical parts in addition to optical, fluidic, electrical,chemical and biomedical elements. Resulting MEMS devices or elements areresponsive to many types of input, including pressure, vibration,chemical, light, and acceleration. The MEMS components can be a numberof different elements including various types of pumps, a flow valve, aflow sensor, tubing, a pressure sensor or combinations of elements.

Accordingly, as explained in further detail below, one use of a MEMScomponent is as an in-line MEMS pump 5314, shown schematically in FIG.53. The MEMS pump 5314 is capable of pumping fluid contained in the IVbag 5320 through the tube 5312, out through the access device 5324, andinto a patient.

The MEMS component has a MEMS local electronics element attachedthereto, and the MEMS electronics element connects with an external,durable MEMS controller, which can communicate with the present system210 as does the present infusion pump 120 described herein. In oneembodiment of a MEMS pump 5314, the MEMS electronics element 5332 isembedded therein and can preferably store MEMS parametric operationalinformation. The MEMS controller, with its electronics and power source,may be physically or wirelessly connected to the MEMS electronicselement. In one embodiment, the parametric operational information maybe loaded from the detachable MEMS controller 5338. Preferably, the pumpelement 5314 generates the fluid flow through a tube 5312 based oninformation stored locally within the MEMS electronics 5332. Thisinformation is preferably downloaded from a wired but detachable MEMScontroller 5338. Further, the MEMS components may communicate with thesystem 210 via wireless communication. Additionally, the MEMS controllermay provide a transfer of information to and from the system 210 tofully automate the control and interrogation of the MEMS components inthe present system 210 through a wireless or wired communication path.

The use of MEMS or other emerging economical fabrication techniquesprovides an opportunity to add a MEMS element to a disposable line-setthat provides additional functionality such as pumping, valving, andsensing. Some or all of the supporting local electronics could beincluded in a disposable portion of a line-set as well. For example, itmay be preferable to include a memory chip that contains calibrationinformation for a pump, pressure sensor and/or flow sensor, valve, or acombination of disposable elements.

Disposability is desirable as it removes the need for costlysterilization of the components of the system between each subsequentapplication.

Pop-Up Windows

In an embodiment, the system can automatically provide clinicians withinformation associated with one or more medications via pop-up windows.Preferably, a medication table is entered into the central database 108b. The medication table can include the generic name of one or moremedications, and any trade names associated therewith. Linked to eachmedication within the medication table are respective messages fordisplay via pop-up windows. The messages can be defined by the healthcare facility, or predefined by the system provider.

Preferably, the messages associated with each medication pertain to: 1)hazards associated with the medication, such as in handling or exposurethereto; 2) how the medication is to be administered by a clinician; 3)physician reference information about medication; 4) the appropriatepump channel for infusing the drug; and, 5) warnings about infusion setprocedures such as opening a roller clamp for a piggyback infusion.

The pop-up windows are displayed when a medication is selected orentered into a computing device such as: when the medication is beingordered by a physician via the CPOE; when the medication is beingprocessed by the pharmacy or the like; and when the medication is beingadministered to a patient by a clinician. In an embodiment, when theselection or entry of a medication has been made on a computing deviceat a remote location, the database within the central system 108 isaccessed wherein at least one of the pop-up window messages associatedwith the medication is provided to the remote computing device fordisplay to the clinician.

Preferably, at least one of the pop-up window messages associated with amedication is provided for display upon the initiation of a specificstep in the medication order, process, and administration procedure. Forinstance, upon entry of a medication order into a computing device suchas the CPOE, a pop-up window is displayed with a message regardingphysician reference information about the medication and, in anembodiment, another pop-up window can be displayed regarding hazardsassociated with the medication. Then, upon processing of the order by apharmacy or the like, one or more pop-up windows are displayed on acomputing device within the pharmacy 104 for providing generalinformation about the medication, and possible hazards associatedtherewith. Next, when the order is being administered by a clinician,one or more pop-up windows are displayed on a computing deviceassociated with the clinician (i.e., handheld 118) for providinginformation about administration of the medication, and, in anembodiment, possible hazards associated with the medication such as howthe medication is to be handled.

Preferably, the pop-up windows displayed on a computing device arespecific to the step in the medication order, process, andadministration procedure that is being carried out by a clinician. Forinstance, the pop-up window containing physician reference informationis preferably not displayed to the nurse, via handheld device 118.Nevertheless, in an embodiment, the user or hospital can define when,and if, a pop-up window should be displayed when a medication isselected or entered into a specific computing device.

It is also preferred that the pharmacy define when, and if, a pop-upwindow is to be displayed. For instance, pop-up windows are preferablynot displayed for common medications. Instead, pop-up windows arepreferably displayed for medications wherein the pharmacy or healthcarefacility believes that the additional information within the pop-upwindow will assist in the ordering, preparing, or administration of themedication.

Administering a Medication

A method of administering a medication 124 with the infusion system 210is described below. The method includes the ability to modify theinfusion order. The modifications include modifications to the flowrate, the infusion site, temporary stops to the infusion, restarting theinfusion, and hanging a new medication 124 container. The methodincludes: scanning a bar code associated with the patient 512 b;scanning a bar code associated with the medication 512 a; if theinfusion is an admixture, validating the expiration 512 c; selecting areason for the modification 1002 d; and recording the remaining volumeof the infusion bag or accepting the value calculated from the previousvolume and flow rate 1002 e. The validation of the expiration 512 c ofthe infusion bag can include the use of an admixture table and/or a barcode.

The reason for the modification may come from a defined table 546 g. Thereason for the modification may also include a hard-coded value forphysician-ordered changes. When the hard-coded value is selected, theclinician 116 is prompted to select the physician from a list ofphysicians. The attending physician can be the default in the list ofphysicians. There may be a quick select feature to halt theadministration of the medication 124, for example, stop order 1002 f. Ifthe quick select is not chosen, the following processes can be included:recording the flow rate and/or accepting the previous value for the flowrate—the previous value is displayed on the digital assistant display118 a, the infusion pump display 120 c, and/or the medical cart 132comparing the previous flow rate to the ordered flow rate—thiscomparison can be accomplished by using infusion system 210 or subsystemrules and tolerances; displaying appropriate messages; conversionsbetween flow rates and drip rates can be displayed 1012—the conversionscan be calculated based on infusion system 210 defined drip-rateconversion tables 548 f. The infusion system 210 typically usesdescriptions based on the tubing used to make it easy for the clinician116 to select the correct drip rate conversion.

Changing the flow rate triggers the infusion system 210 to validate theexpiration of the infusion bag(s) based on scheduled flow rate. If thesolution expires before or during the administration, a message is sentto the clinician 116, such as “This solution will expire during thescheduled administration period. Please contact the pharmacy.” If it isa premixed infusion bag and/or a customized infusion bag, the expirationis validated by parsing the scan code, if possible. The previousinfusion site is accepted or a new infusion site location is selectedfrom a list or a graphical anatomical representation. Then the schedule704 is recalculated to implement pharmacy restocking. Infusion system210 can include biometrics for identifying patients and clinicians 116.

Prior to allowing a clinician 116 to access the infusion system 210, theinfusion system 210 accesses information related to the identity of theclinician 116. The infusion system 210 can identify the clinician 116 byusing a device, such as a bar code reader, to read the clinicians' badge116 a. The system can also use biometrics to positively identify theclinician 116, to assure the clinician is an authorized user of thesystem, and to determine whether the clinician 116 has authority toaccess portions of the infusion system 210. The infusion system 210 canrequire a combination of the clinician badge 116 a, or other key, and averified biometric match in order to grant the clinician 116 access tothe infusion system 210. The system can also be configured to terminateaccess to the infusion system 210 when the clinician badge 116 a isremoved from the vicinity of the device used to read the clinician badge116 a, or other key.

Biometrics is the technology and science of statistically analyzingmeasured biological data. One field of biometrics is that of determiningunique physical characteristics, such as fingerprints. Biometrics makesit possible to identify individuals to digital systems, such as infusionsystem 210. A digital persona is created that makes transactions andinteractions more convenient and secure. Biometric features foridentification include features such as, but not limited to,fingerprint, face, iris and retina scanning, and voice identification.Biometric devices include a scanning or reading device, software toconvert the scanned information into a digital format, and a memory tostore the biometric information for comparison with a stored record.

Software identifies specific matched points of data that have beenprocessed with an algorithm and compares the data. Unlike passwords, PINcodes, and smartcards, the infusion system 210 biometrics cannot belost, forgotten, or stolen. The biometric scanner can be associated withthe device for reading the clinician's badge 116 a. For example, thebiometric scanner can be a thumb print reader on the handle of a barcode reader. In other embodiments, the biometric scanner and anelectronic key reader can be located on the portable medicine cartand/or the medical device. When the clinician 116 places the electronickey within a specified distance of the medical device, a processor willknow the specific individual electronic biometric identification file itshould expect. The infusion system 210 preferably prompts the clinician116 to scan his biometric information.

The biometric information is entered into the infusion system 210 withsome type of biometric reading or scanning device. A one-to-onecomparison is made between the scanned biometric information and thepreviously stored specific individual electronic biometricidentification file.

This one-to-one identity comparison is more efficient than comparingone-to-many identity files because it does not require searching anentire clinician database for a match. Instead, only one specificcomparison is made. If there is a match, then the clinician 116 isgranted access to the medical device 332. If there is no match, theclinician 116 is denied access.

Additionally, in another embodiment, the medical device does not have acontroller. For example, the medical device may be a pumping unit thatdoes not have a controller, but rather merely accepts control signalsfrom a separate controller. In one embodiment, the controller for such amedical device can be the first central computer 109. Accordingly, thefirst central computer 109 may send control signals directly to themedical device for controlling the medical device.

In another embodiment, after the infusion system 210 grants access tothe clinician 116, the infusion system 210 terminates that access whenthe electronic key is removed from the biometric scanner, or thevicinity of the biometric scanner. The vicinity within which theelectronic key must be kept can be predetermined and/or may be avariable and programmable infusion system 210 parameter.

In one embodiment, the infusion system 210 includes an encrypted digitalfingerprint template, a clinician's name, a login name, and a password.One technology for implementing the clinician identifier includes“IBUTTON 400” technology from Dallas Semiconductor technology. Theinfusion system 210 can be activated when the clinician places a fingeron a fingerprint scanner. If the infusion system 210 finds a match, theinfusion system 210 can request the clinician 116 login to the infusionsystem 210. If the infusion system 210 does not find a biometric match,the system does not allow the clinician 116 to access the infusionsystem 210.

In another embodiment, the database storing biometric information can bekept in the central system 108, the pharmacy computer 104, and/or thetreatment location 106. At the treatment location 106, the database canbe maintained in the portable cart 132, the digital assistant 118,and/or the medical device 332. Such distributed databases allow accessto remote devices even if the network 102 is unable to communicatebetween the various locations. When network 102 communication isreestablished, the remote and central databases can be synchronized withany information modified at the other location so that both infusionsystem 210 databases are properly updated.

The infusion system 210 provides a closed loop infusion therapymanagement system. The closed loop begins with a clinician 116 order.Among other methods, the clinician 116 can enter the order throughdigital assistant 118 and/or medical treatment cart 132. The order isthen available in real-time for pharmacy authorization 508 and physicianauthorization 510.

The order is available in real-time as an electronic medicationadministration record (eMAR). The eMAR is available to the clinician 116for infusion administration. The infusion system 210 automaticallydocuments medication administration 512 and modifications 514 such asflow rate changes 1002 b. Through the process of medicationadministration 512, the infusion system 210 simultaneously adjustsinfusion system 210 and/or subsystem inventory and billing 518. Theinfusion system 210 also provides event management and decision supportdata. The infusion system 210 is device independent, meaning that it canbe run on workstations, wireless tablets, and handheld digitalassistants 118. The infusion system 210 generally runs in real time,however, batch processing and or messaging can be used to coordinatevarious stages of the infusion system 210 processes.

The closed loop infusion therapy management system includes infusionorder entry 560, order preparation 506, and the availability of thestatus of the infusion. Infusion order entry 560 can be through a numberof means such as, but not limited to, the prescription entry module 324,the prescription modification module 336, and the pharmacy interface316. Computer screen 400 can be employed in entering the infusion order.The status of the infusion provides patient 112 specific usage ofinfusions and alerts the pharmacy of the need for additional infusionbags.

Clinician Interaction with the Infusion System

Further, the infusion system 210 can use a login system to determine ifthe clinician 116 has access to the infusion system 210. One example ofan interface screen of a login system for an infusion system 210 isshown in the login screen 1903 of FIG. 19. In that interface screen, theclinician 116 enters both a user name and a password, and clicks on the“Login” key.

The system 210 conducts a check to confirm that the user name andpassword are valid for the system 210. If either the user name or thepassword is not valid, the system 210 will inform the clinician 116 thatthe login failed in the login screen 2005 shown at FIG. 20. Theclinician 116 will then have the opportunity to reenter the user nameand password to correct any errors.

If the user name and password are valid, the clinician 116 will haveaccess to the system 210. Additionally, if the clinician 116 is loggedin to a digital assistant 118, but does not use it for a period of time,a security feature of the system 210 prevents the digital assistant 118from being used further until the clinician 116 logs back in.

The charge clinician may also login to the system 210. As explained indetail herein, the charge clinician is generally a supervisor or someperson whom the clinicians report to. Additionally, the charge clinicianmay be a person who assists in workflow for the clinicians, or whoassists in monitoring alarm or alert conditions. Typically, the chargeclinician maintains a supervisory or responsibility role over at leastone unit. Thus, the charge clinician must login, with a login andpassword as explained above, and then select the units to be associatedwith the charge clinician.

After the clinician 116 has completed the login process shown in FIG.19, and has been granted access to the system 210, the clinician 116 mayperform several administrative functions. One such administrativefunction is to select a unit. As shown in the unit selection interfacescreen 2105 of FIG. 21, the clinician 116 may select a unit from a dropdown menu 2107. In the example illustrated in FIG. 21, the clinician hasselected “Neurology ICU” as the unit. After the clinician 116 hasselected the appropriate unit from the drop down menu 2107, theclinician 116 can depress the arrow key 4809 to enter the selected unit.

Another administrative function that the clinician may execute is toselect the clinician's shift. As shown in select shift screen interface2211 of FIG. 22, the clinician 116 may select either a standard shift ora customized shift. Several standard shifts which may be selected areprovided in the drop down menu 2107 for that entry. If, however, theclinician 116 selects the customized shift, the clinician is requestedto enter the start time and the end time for the customized shift. Theclinician 116 may also enter a manual shift in the provided area 2255and then tap the enter key 4809.

A view patient interface screen 2313 is shown in FIG. 23. In that screen2313, after the shift has been selected, the clinician 116 may view thepatients associated with the clinician 116. The clinician 116 may alsoview the tasks associated with the clinician 116. Accordingly, a “to-do”list may be provided based on the patients, the clinician's tasks orboth. Different levels of shading and/or coloring may be utilized todifferentiate between the level of urgent care required for a specificpatient. Additionally, various icons may be used in connection with thepatients to provide the clinician 116 a quick understanding of the carerequired by a patient.

The patient view interface screen 2313 of FIG. 23 also provides theclinician 116 with the ability to add more patients at button 2315. Whenthe clinician 116 selects the “Add More Patients” key 2315, theclinician may be provided with a list of additional patients.

The clinician 116 may also be provided with a patient selectioninterface screen 2417 as shown in FIG. 24. At this screen 2417, theclinician 116 may select patients to be added to the clinician's shift.The patients may be from the unit associated with the clinician, or theclinician may select to add patients from different units. The clinician116 may also select the amount of time with which they will beassociated with that patient. Further, the clinician 116 may also findmore patients at key 2419. It is also understood that the clinician 116may also remove patients from a shift at any time.

The system 210 also provides messages to the clinicians 116 that arespecific to the patients assigned to the clinician's shift. Typicalmessages may include items such as order profile changes and missedmedication administrations.

A patient information menu interface screen 2521, shown in FIG. 25, isalso available on the present system. The patient information menuscreen 2521 provides a mini patient chart for the selected patient. Thepatient menu screen 2521 also provides the clinician 116 the ability tolink to items relating to the patient, such as: administermedications/infusions, stop infusion, resume infusion, titrate infusion,flow rate history, pump status, and remove patient from shift. Thepatient menu screen 2521 also has tabs for: Allergies and Ht/Wt,Medication History, and Lab Results. An example of an Allergies & Ht/Wtinterface screen 2521 a is provided in FIG. 25A. Typically this screen2521 a is displayed when the mini-chart is first opened. It displaysinformation about the patient's drug and general allergies, and the lastrecorded height and weight of the patient. An example of a MedicationHistory interface screen 2521 b is provided in FIG. 25B. Typically, thisscreen 2521 b provides the clinician with a medication history of thepatient within the selected look back period. The look back period maybe adjusted by the clinician. Finally, an example of the lab resultsinterface screen 2521 c is provided in FIG. 25C. Lab results are madeavailable in the system 210 through a lab interface. All availableresults are shown, and displayed in reverse chronological order.

An infusion schedule interface screen 2623 for a patient is shown inFIG. 26. This screen 2623 illustrates an infusion schedule for theselected patient. By clicking one of the identified orders, such asorder 2625 for Morphine Sulfate on the infusion schedule screen 2623,the system 210 will link to the medication order interface screen 2627shown in FIG. 26A. Medication order screen 2627 provides a detail oforder 2625 for the specified order (i.e., Morphine Sulfate). As part ofthe detailed order 2625, the therapy parameters 2629 are provided, aswell as any warnings 2631 and the ability to link to additionalinformation 2633.

FIG. 28 illustrates a patient profile infusion schedule interface screen2835 wherein one of the scheduled infusions was missed. As shown inscreen 2835, a “missed medication” icon 4837 is shown next to theschedule Morphine Sulfate infusion order 2839. By clicking on the“missed medication” icon 4837, the system 210 links the clinician 116 toa missed medication interface screen 2941 as shown in FIG. 29. Themissed medication screen 2941 requests the clinician 116 to enter, orselect in the drop down menu, a reason 2943 for missing the medication.The missed medication interface screen 2941 also inquires of theclinician 116 whether the medication schedule for the order 2839 shouldbe adjusted. To adjust the medication schedule, the clinician 116 wouldselect box 2945 on interface screen 2941. When the clinician 116 clickson the drop down menu to enter select a reason 2943 for missing themedication, the drop down menu will expand as shown on interface screen3047 of FIG. 30.

Typically, if the medication is no longer needed, the clinician willselect the “Not Required” reason 3045. When the clinician 116 selectsthe “Not Required” reason 3045 for missing the medication, the system210 removes the missed medication icon 4837 and inserts the “NotRequired” icon 4857 as shown in the infusion schedule screen 3135 ofFIG. 31.

When the clinician 116 is ready to provide a medication therapy or orderfor a patient, the clinician 116 will select the order 3225 in theschedule interface screen 3235, and then scroll down to the “Get Items”key 3249 as shown in FIG. 32. After the clinician 116 selects the “GetItems” key 3249, in screen 3249 of FIG. 32, the system 210 displays amedication interface screen 3351 as shown in FIG. 33. In the medicationscreen 3351, the clinician 116 has the ability to scan the medicationselected from the medication depot as shown at the “Scan Depot” icon3353, or to skip the scan depot block by selecting the “Skip Scan Depot”key 3355. When the clinician 116 scans an item, such as by scanning abar code on the item, the item information is displayed on theclinician's PDA 118. An example of a scan screen 3465 is shown in FIG.34. When, for example, the clinician 116 scans a medication, theprescription 3467 is displayed in the scan screen 3465. If, however, thescanned item does not match the order for the patient, a scan errorscreen 3569, such as shown in FIG. 35 will be displayed on theclinician's PDA 118. As shown on interface screen 3569, when a scanningerror is detected the clinician 116 will be provided with anidentification of the item to request or search for as shown on screen3569. If a bar code cannot be scanned, for example due to a smeared ordamaged bar code label, the data requested by the scan can be enteredmanually.

If the selected medication is in the same therapeutic class as anothermedication that was recently administered to the patient, theclinician's digital assistant 118 displays a warning message. Similarly,if the item has already been retrieved by another clinician, the digitalassistant 118 displays a message indicating such occurrence.

If the order to be retrieved is a mix-on-floor infusion, the individualingredients are identified on the digital assistant 118 and are to beretrieved by the clinician 116. After the items are retrieved, thesystem 210 generates a bag ID and prompts the clinician 116 to print alabel 124 a. At this point the clinician 116 also mixes the ingredients.After the clinician 116 prints out the label, the label is added to thebag and it can be scanned by the digital assistant 118.

Certain orders may be either on-call or on-hold. These orders aredisplayed on the patient profile screen, such as interface screen 2835of FIG. 28. Orders that are either on-call or on-hold are available forviewing only, and not for retrieval. These orders are subsequentlyactivated as appropriate.

The scenario may also arise where the clinician 116 has an item,including a medication item, that is not being used for a patient.Referring to interface screen 3657 in FIG. 36, the clinician 116 has theability to identify the reason for not administering a medication, suchas: not being required due to a monitoring result, the patient beingunavailable, or the medication being refused. If the patient is notalready identified in the screen 3657, the clinician 116 can select 3661the patient by scanning the patient or entering the patient's name.Additionally, the clinician 116 can select to return the medical item tothe medication depot by keying the “Waste/Return” selection key 3663.For certain narcotics and controlled medications, two signatures (i.e.,a second authorization signature typically in the form of a login andpassword) may be required both to initially obtain the medication, andto return the medication to the depot.

The interface screen 3657 of FIG. 36 also provides the clinician 116with the ability to scan the patient ID to identify the patient. If thewrong patient is scanned, or if the patient ID does not scan properly,the system 210 displays a message that the scan is invalid. Further, ifthe clinician 116 is unable to administer the medication, the clinicianwill typically have to enter a reason 3659 for not administering themedication as shown in screen 3657 of FIG. 36.

Some reasons for not administering the medication are: the medication isnot required due to a monitoring result, the patient is unavailable, orthe medication is refused by the patient.

After the clinician 116 has already verified the patient and the item ormedication, a route verification interface screen 3771 is displayed. Asshown in FIG. 37, one example of a route verification screen 3771assists the clinician 116 in verifying the route 3773, line 3775 andsite 3777. The medication therapy 3778 may also be provided in the routeverification screen 3771. After the clinician enters the route 3773,line 3775 and site 3777, the clinician 116 can select the compare button4817 and the system 210 will verify that the entered data is correct.

Next, the clinician 116 can select the pump channel mode as shown in theinterface screen 3881 of FIG. 38. In the pump channel mode interfacescreen 3881, the therapy 3882 is shown and the clinician 116 has theoption to designate the therapy 3882 as a primary therapy 3884 or apiggyback therapy 3883. Each channel of the pump has the ability tooperate a primary therapy in addition to a piggyback therapy. After thepump channel mode has been selected, the clinician can conduct a pumpchannel scan. FIG. 38A illustrates a pump channel scan interface screen3885. In the pump scan screen 3885, the clinician 116 scans the medicaldevice, such as by scanning a bar code corresponding to the pump channel121 and then clicking on the arrow key 4809.

After the clinician 116 has: (a) scanned the patient, such as oninterface screen 2313 of FIG. 23, (b) scanned the medication, such as oninterface screen 3465 of FIG. 34, and (c) scanned the pump channel, suchas on interface screen 3885 of FIG. 38A, the clinician 116 can programthe infusion pump and conduct a comparison of the programmed infusionpump parameters or settings to the parameters of the pharmacy order.

Comparison of Device Settings and Orders

An exemplar flowchart of a comparison process 5200 is provided in FIG.52. This process may also apply to programming the infusion settingsremotely from the server.

Referring to FIG. 52, the comparison process 5200 is initiated at block5202 after the clinician 116 has scanned the patient ID 112 a,medication container or bag ID 124 a, and the pump channel 121, asidentified above. By scanning the patient, medication bag and pumpchannel, an association of the relevant baseline data is provided suchthat the system 210, and more specifically server 109, can conductfurther analysis and comparison of this and additional data. First,however, the first central server 109 conducts a check at block 5204 toensure that the scanned or entered data for the patient, medication bagand pump channel results in a valid association. If the three data itemsdo not result in a valid association, the system 210 displays an errormessage at block 5206 and requests that the clinician 116 re-scan orre-enter the codes for each of the patient ID, bag ID and pump channelID at block 5202. If the three data items result in a valid associationat block 5204, the server 109 will also conduct a sequence, as explainedbelow, to determine if the identified pump channel 121 is in theserver's 109 database, and if it is available for use.

After the pump channel ID has been scanned into the system 210, thefirst central server 109 conducts a check at block 5208 to determine ifthe selected pump channel 121 is valid. Various reasons for an invalidpump channel determination is that: the pump channel does not exist inthe system, the selected pump channel is already in operation, etc. Ifthe check of the pump channel 121 results in an invalid result, an errormessage is displayed and the clinician is alerted that an invalidchannel has been selected. Until the clinician 116 rescans the pumpchannel and a valid channel is recognized at block 5208, the comparisonprocess 5200 is precluded and the system cannot conduct the comparisonas identified in block 5214. If, however, the check results confirm thatthe selected channel 121 is a valid channel, the system progresses toblock 5212 to establish the appropriate links, as explained below.

At some time during the comparison process 5200, the second centralserver 108 a creates an XML message containing data relating to thepatient ID and order ID. As shown in the flowchart for the comparisonprocess 5200, the XML data may be created and transferred to the firstcentral server 109, as identified at block 5210, at any point prior toblock 5212. If however, the XML data received by the first centralserver 109 from the second central server 108 a is invalid orincomplete, the comparison process is precluded and the system does notallow the comparison process to proceed as shown in block 5214.Conversely, if the XML data relating to the patient ID and order ID iscomplete and valid, after the first central server 109 receives the XMLdata from the second central server 108 a, the comparison process 5200progresses to block 5212.

At block 5212 the first central server 109 attempts to establish a linkor association between the patient ID, the order ID and the pump channel121. If the first central server 109 is not able to establish a linkbetween the identified data at block 5212, the comparison process 5200is precluded and the system 210 does not allow the process to proceed asshown in block 5214. Further, the system 210 displays an error messagethat some data is missing or inaccurate, and the system cannot conduct acomparison. If the first central server 109 properly establishes a linkbetween the identified data at block 5212, the system 210 proceeds toblock 5216 wherein the clinician 116 is requested to press the comparebutton 4817 on the digital assistant 118. An example of the sequence ofscreens occurring at block 5216 is identified below.

After the appropriate links have been established by the first centralcomputer 109, the system 210 progresses to one of the comparisoninterface screens, such as comparison interface screen 3986 of FIG. 39.In this comparison interface screen 3986, the system 210 providesinstructions to the clinician 116 to program the infusion pump prior toconducting any comparisons. Comparison may be made to ensure that thepharmacy parameters for the medication and the pump settings are inagreement. In a preferred embodiment, in the comparison process 5200 asidentified herein, the system 210 conducts a rate comparison. The systemmay, however, conduct a single comparison or simultaneous multiplecomparisons of any infusion parameter such as rate, volume, dose, etc.

If the infusion is a primary infusion, the instructions are provided toclick the “Compare” button 4817 on the comparison interface screen 3986and then to wait for instructions prior to starting the pump channel. Ifthe infusion is a piggyback infusion, the instructions are provided topress the start key on the pump 120 and then to click the “Compare”button 4817. In a piggyback infusion, if the clinician 116 presses thecompare button 4817 at block 5216 prior to pressing the start key on thepump, the interface screen 4287 as shown in FIG. 42 will typically bedisplayed providing the clinician with error instructions.

Initially, prior to conducting a comparison the system 210 polls theserver 109 to ensure that the communication link between the pump 120,server 109 and digital assistant 118 is still active. If thecommunication link is active the comparison process 5200 proceeds. Ifthe communication link is lost, the comparison process is not able toproceed.

Accordingly, after the clinician 116 has pressed the compare button4817, the system 210 proceeds to block 5218 as shown in FIG. 52. Atblock 5218 the system 210 determines if the channel 121 is ready. Forexample, if the infusion has been identified as a primary infusion butthe channel is already running, the system will default to block 5214and display an error message that the system cannot conduct acomparison. Further, if the infusion has been identified as a piggybackinfusion, and the start key on the pump has not been pressed, the systemwill default to interface screen 4287 of FIG. 42 to inform the clinician116 to press the start key on the pump before pressing the comparebutton 4817.

The comparison process 5200 also checks the pump 120 to determine if thesettings or operational parameters programmed into the pump 120 containsfresh data at block 5220. As an example, the system may require that thepump data have been programmed into the pump within a certain time limit(i.e., 5 minutes) prior to requesting the comparison. Such a time limitfor determining if the data is fresh data can be set by the healthcarefacility. If the data is not fresh data, the system will revert to block5214 and display an error message that the data is stale. The system 210will then request that the pump 120 be reprogrammed for the comparisonprocess can proceed. If the data is determined to be fresh data at block5220, the system 210 will execute the comparison at block 5222. Theactual comparison of data is generally conducted at the first centralserver 109. As previously explained, the comparison is to determine ifthe parameters programmed into the pump conform with the physician'sorder.

Additionally, or alternatively, the pump settings can be remotelyprogrammed by the remote controller or server. After the comparison isconducted at block 5222, the system 210 determines if there is a matchor mismatch at block 5224 and returns the results to the clinician 116via the digital assistant.

An example of a resultant comparison interface screen 3987 where thecomparison results in a match is shown in FIG. 39A, and identified atblock 5226 in FIG. 52. In this instance, if the pharmacy prescriptionparameters and the programmed pump channel settings match, the clinician116 is instructed to start the infusion pump 120.

An example of a resultant comparison interface screen where thecomparison of the pharmacy prescription parameters and the programmedpump settings do not match at block 5224, is depicted in the mismatchcomparison interface screen 4087 of FIG. 40 with the mismatch icon 4825shown. If this result occurs the system 210 will require the clinician116 to either accept the mismatch, as identified at block 5228, orreprogram the infusion pump at block 5230 and conduct another comparisonat block 5216. Typically, the parameters wherein the mismatch occurredwill be displayed in the mismatch screen 4087. If the mismatch isaccepted, it will be recorded in the system database 109 at block 5232.Further, if a mismatch is accepted at block 5228, the server 108 a willnavigate the clinician to the appropriate screen.

FIG. 41 displays an example of a comparison interface screen 4187whereby the system 210 is not able to conduct a comparison because someof the data is not available. Specifically, in the example of FIG. 41,the pump rate settings have not been entered into the system 210. Thus,the system 210 cannot conduct the comparison until additional data, suchas the rate in this example, has been entered. Typically, the system 210is not able to conduct a comparison if: an infusion is already running,the system cannot receive updated pump information, there is a systemcommunication error, or there is missing data either from the programmedchannel information or the pharmacy prescription information. Finally,the comparison screen 4287 of FIG. 42 displays another scenario wherebythe system 210 cannot conduct the comparison until further steps aretaken as indicated. Typically, this interface screen 4287 is providedwhen the infusion is a piggyback infusion, and the clinician has pressedthe compare button 4817 in interface screen 3986 of FIG. 39, instead ofpressing the start key on the infusion pump 120 prior to pressing thecompare button 4817, as indicated in the instructions of interfacescreen 3986 of FIG. 39. After the infusion pump has initiated a therapy,the clinician 116 is able to view on his/her digital assistant 118 thestatus of the pump in a pump status interface screen 4391 as shown inFIG. 43. The pump status display 4391 displays a list of all currentlyactive infusions for a given patient. Typically, one of five icons willbe displayed in conjunction with an infusion in this screen: infusionrunning indicator 4807, infusion standby indicator 4810, infusionstopped indicator 4811, an unknown icon, and a delay icon. The pumpstatus display 4391 does not update in real-time while a current screenis being displayed; however, by tapping the refresh button 4819, themost current real-time pump status screen will be displayed.

As shown in FIG. 44, the clinician 116 is also able to view a flow ratehistory interface screen 4493. The clinician 116 can navigate directlyto the flow rate history screen 4493 by clicking on the flow ratehistory link on the patient menu interface screen 2521 shown in FIG. 25.The flow rate history shows the history of programmed flow rate historychanges for a current infusion on a given channel. Generally, thepatient information associated with the channel is displayed, as well asthe current prescription information for that channel.

Further, after the clinician 116 has logged in on the digital device118, selected the shift and selected the patients, the clinician 116 canperform a variety of tasks on the digital device 118, including but notlimited to: recording an administered infusion, recording a stopped orresumed infusion, recording a discontinued infusion, viewing pump flowrate history as described above, viewing pump infusion status asdescribed above, responding to pump alarms and alerts as describedbelow, viewing messages/notifications and responding tomessages/notifications.

Specifically, with respect to recording an administered infusion, afterthe clinician 116 has scanned the item bar code, the patient bar code,and the pump channel bar code, the clinician is able to compare theprogrammed pump settings to the pharmacy-entered order as explained indetail above. Typically, the clinician 116 will then administer theinfusion using the pump 120 and record the infusion using the digitaldevice 118.

To start an infusion, the clinician 116 typically scans the patient'swristband bar code 112 a and scans the infusion bag bar code label 124a. When prompted by the digital device 118, the clinician 116 enters andcompares the line, site and route for the infusion as shown in interfacescreen 3771 of FIG. 37. Next, in screen 3881 of FIG. 38, the clinician116 selects a primary or piggyback infusion 3883, and scans the pumpchannel. The clinician 116 then programs the pumps as directed by thephysician order. When the pump 120 is programmed, the clinician 116selects to conduct a pharmacy order and pump comparison check, as shownin FIGS. 39-42. If the programmed pump settings match thepharmacy-entered order, an interface screen such as screen 4287 willindicate a match, and the clinician 116 can tap the OK button 4805 toaccept the match. Finally, the clinician 116 will press the start key onthe pump 120. The digital assistant 118 will then display the recordadministration results interface screen 4937 in FIG. 49, and theclinician 116 can enter the appropriate result from the choices in thedrop-down list. These steps can be repeated for additional patientsand/or additional pumps or channels.

Before administering a medication, the clinician 116 may be prompted toenter a monitoring parameter, e.g., a heart rate before administeringdioxin, or a pain assessment before administering morphine. When amonitoring parameter is associated with a medication, eachadministration of the medication displayed on the digital assistant 118has a link to an interface screen where the clinician 116 may enter avalue. An example of such an order having a link 5001 to the entry of amonitoring parameter is shown in the order displayed in FIG. 50. Afterthe monitoring parameter link 5001 is selected, a monitoring parameterentry interface screen 5003, as shown in FIG. 50A is displayed. There,the clinician 116 may enter into the system 210 the requestedinformation.

Additionally, the system 210 may request the clinician 116 to monitor acycle count, typically when retrieving narcotic or controlledmedications from the medication depot. As an example, when the depotdrawer opens to provide the narcotic or controlled medication, thedigital assistant 118 may display a cycle count interface screen 5101 asshown in FIG. 51.

This interface screen 5101 prompts the clinician to count the units ofmedication currently in the bin or storage area, and then to enter thisdata in the field provided. The system 210 then compares this quantityto the expected count. If the cycle count does not match, the digitalassistant 118 displays a message indicating the mismatch, and thendisplays the cycle count screen 5101 again. If the cycle count does notmatch again, the system 210 will record the discrepancy and appropriatemeasures may be taken.

As circumstances require, a clinician may stop a running infusion beforeit has finished. This may be done either with or without a discontinueorder in the system to stop the infusion. Infusions that have beenstopped may be resumed as circumstances require, such as titrating anorder. When the discontinued infusion 4813 and running infusion icons4807 are both displayed on the digital assistant 118, the clinician 116is instructed to navigate on the digital assistant 118 to display a listof all running infusions for the patient. An example of such adiscontinue infusion interface screen 2727 a is provided in FIG. 27A. InFIG. 27A the discontinued infusion order will be highlighted andindicated as being a discontinued infusion order. The clinician 116 willthen scan the bar code on the solution container for the discontinuedinfusion, and then scan the patient's ID. Next, interface screen 2727 bis provided on the clinician's digital assistant 118 as shown in FIG.2727 b. In interface screen 2727 b the clinician can enter the time theinfusion has been stopped, as well as the reason for stopping theinfusion. The clinician 116 can then physically stop the infusion pump120 by pressing the stop button on the infusion pump 120.

A resume infusion interface screen 2727 c is provided in FIG. 27C.Infusions that are recorded as stopped, without an order to discontinue,may be resumed. To resume an infusion the clinician 116 must initiallynavigate to the appropriate interface screen on the digital assistant118. By tapping on the stopped infusion icon 4811 in the patient menu, alist of all infusions currently stopped for the patient will bedisplayed as shown in interface screen 2727 c of FIG. 27C. A prompt isprovided for the clinician to select the infusion to be resumed. Theclinician 116 then scans the bar code on the solution container for theinfusion to be resumed. The system 210 compares the scanned ID to thosefor the infusions currently stopped for the patient. After the system210 compares the ID with those that are currently stopped for thepatient, the digital assistant 118 prompts the clinician 116 to scan thepatient's ID. The system 210 then confirms that the scanned ID matchesthe patient's ID, and the system 210 will display on the digitalassistant 118 the description of the scanned infusion and prompt theclinician 116 to select a facility-defined reason for resuming theinfusion, as shown in interface 2727 d of FIG. 27D. Once the reason isselected, the clinician 116 can restart the infusion at the pump 120 andthen tap the arrow 4809 to continue. The system 210 records the infusionas having been resumed.

As shown in the various screen shots/interfaces for the digitalassistant 118, a variety of icons are utilized to assist the clinician116. Many of these icons are shown in FIG. 48. The patient list button4801 is a key that, when tapped, allows the clinician 116 to navigatedirectly to the patient list screen, such as the patient list screen2313 shown in FIG. 23. The back button 4803 is a key that, when tapped,returns the screen on the digital assistant 118 to the previous screen.The OK button 4805 is tapped to acknowledge data shown on the digitaldevice 118. When the OK button 4805 is tapped the next screen is usuallydisplayed. The infusion running indicator button 4807 indicates that aprogrammed infusion is now running for the selected pump 120 andchannel. The infusion standby indicator 4810 indicates that a programmedinfusion has been put on standby for the selected patient, pump 120 andchannel.

The infusion stopped indicator 4811 indicates that the programmedinfusion has been stopped for the selected patient, pump 120 andchannel. The infusion discontinue order indicator 4813 indicates that apharmacy-entered order will discontinue an infusion for the selectedpatient, pump 120 and channel. The physician's notes indicator 4815indicates the presence of physician's notes for the selected patient,pump 120 and channel. The clinician 116 can tap the notes indicator 4815to view the notes. The compare button 4817 is provided in variousscreens, and when tapped has the system 210 perform a comparison of thescanned item with the pharmacy-entered order, as well as additionalcomparisons. The refresh button 4819 is tapped to update and show thelatest data on the screen. The exit button 4821 allows the clinician toexit the current screen, and return to the previously displayed screen.The enter button 4809 is also the OK button and is tapped to acknowledgeand enter either data selected from choices within a drop-down list, ordata manually entered in a field. The comparison match indicator 4823indicates that programmed pump settings match pharmacy-entered orderinformation. The comparison mismatch indicator 4825 indicates thatprogrammed pump settings do not match pharmacy-entered orderinformation. The cannot compare indicator 4827 indicates that the systemcannot compare the programmed pump settings to the pharmacy-enteredorder information. The pump alarm/alert indicator 4872 indicates that analarm or alert condition is occurring. When the alarm/alert indicator4872 is tapped, an expanded pump alarm and alert screen is displayed. Onthe alarm and alert screen, a red alarm/alert icon 4872 indicates analarm condition, and a yellow alarm/alert icon 4872 indicates an alertcondition.

The alarm/alert silence button 4874 is tapped to temporarily silence theaudible alert on the digital device 118. The loss of communicationindicator 4833 indicates that the pump 120 and/or the hub 107 is notproperly communicating with the system 210. A message accompanying thisindication describes the steps to take to resolve the problem. Thewireless module low battery alert indicator 4835 indicates that the hub107 is presently running on a backup battery that has less than 30minutes of battery power remaining.

The above disclosure relating to the setup and use of the digitalassistant 118 has been discussed with respect to a clinician 116performing these functions. It is understood, however, that these tasksmay be performed by any hospital administrative or staff individual,whether or not that individual is a clinician 116.

Emergency Notification Process

Referring to FIG. 12, there is shown a preferred embodiment of anemergency notification system 1200. A notifying party 1210 is incommunication with a communication network 1220. One of skill in the artwill appreciate the variety of communication networks are operableincluding, but not limited to, an Ethernet network, a coaxial cablenetwork, a wireless local area network, and a wireless wide areanetwork. Additionally, a variety of communication network protocols areoperable, but not limited to, Transfer Control Protocol I InternetProtocol (“TCP/IP”), Wireless Area Protocol (“WAP”), and Uniform DataProtocol (“UDP”).

Additionally, the communication network 1220 is operable as a part of alarger communication network; for example, the communication network1220 may be a wireless communication network in communication with awired communication network existing in, for example, a hospital.

In communication with the communication network 1220 is a notifyingparty 1210. The notifying party 1210 may be a hospital clinician, forexample, a nurse, doctor, hospital administrator, or security officer.The notifying party 1210 may also be a patient. Additionally, thenotifying party 1210 may be an automated process, for example, acomputer program or a medical device. The automated process acting as anotifying party 1210 may be programmed to broadcast an emergencynotification across the communication network 1220 upon the fulfillmentof a certain condition or an event. For example, the automated processmay be programmed to broadcast an emergency notification upon thesensing of a patient condition.

The emergency notification is received by one or more target parties1230. Target parties 1230 may be clinicians, for example, doctors andnurses. The target parties 1230 may also be an emergency responseofficer or security officer, or an environmental hazard team. The targetparty 1230 may be any individual in communication with the communicationnetwork 1220. The present embodiment provides the notifying party 1210with the option of sending the emergency notification only to a certaintarget party 1230 or target parties 1230, or to all target parties 1230;the embodiment allows for the notifying party 1210 to choose whichtarget parties 1230 receive the emergency notification.

The target parties 1230 and notifying party 1210 are in communicationwith the communication network 1220. One skilled in the art willappreciate the variety of modes of communication 1240 which may providefor the notifying party 1210 and target parties 1230 to be incommunication with the communication network 1220. For example, the modeof communication 1240 may be a wired connection, for example, a personalcomputer or programmable controller. The mode of communication 1240 mayalso be a wireless network connection enabled through a handheldcomputer or a cellular phone.

Referring now to FIG. 13, there is shown a notification interface 1300from the perspective of the notifying party 1210. One skilled in the artwill appreciate the variety of interfaces which will enable thenotifying party 1210 to broadcast an emergency notification via thecommunication network 1220. The notification interface may be a websiteconnected to an intranet or the Internet. The notification interface mayalso be activated by a cellular phone or other telephone, or by anelectronic email. In one embodiment, the notification interface 1300 isa handheld computer of the type found widely commercially available andincludes screen 1320. Examples include the Palm devices manufactured byPalm, Inc., the Visor devices manufactured by Handspring, Inc., theJornada devices manufactured by Hewlett Packard, Inc., the Axim devicesmanufactured by Dell, Inc., the Clie devices manufactured by Sony, Inc.,and the PocketPC devices manufactured by Toshiba, Inc., Compaq andSymbol.

In one embodiment, the notification interface 1300 comprises a menu 1330listing one or more options 1340. For example, one notification option1340 may allow the notifying party 1210 to select a specific clinicianor type of clinician to be the target party 1230 of the emergencynotification. Another notification option 1340 may allow the notifyingparty 1210 to choose to cancel the emergency notification, in the eventthat the emergency notification was sent erroneously. Additionalnotification options 1340 may include entries for patient identificationinformation, patient location, the type of the emergency, and theexpected time for response.

Referring now to FIG. 14, there is shown one embodiment of a receivinginterface 1400 from the perspective of the target party 1230. Similar tothe notification interface 1300, the receiving interface 1400 may beoperable on a variety of different platforms and remain practicableunder the principles of the present invention. In one embodimentillustrated in FIG. 13, the receiving interface 1400 is a handheldcomputer. The interface 1400 includes a screen 1420 for displayingconfigurable information 2350. The information 2350 may includeemergency notification information such as patient identification,location of the emergency, the type of the emergency, and the expectedtime for a response. In one embodiment, the receiving interface includesone or more options 1430.

Both the notification interface 1300 and the receiving interface 1400are optionally configured with a hotkey 1310, 1410. With respect to thenotification interface 1300, the hotkey 1310 may be configured to sendan emergency notification containing information obtained automaticallyfrom the notification interface 1300 itself. For example, pressing thehotkey 1310 on the notification interface 1300 may be configured toautomatically send an emergency notification containing the information.

Messaging & Notifications. Including Alarm/Alert Notifications

The system provides for transmitting notifications and messages.Notifications may include, but are not limited to: patient status lists,alarms, alerts, infusion schedules, orders, overrides, warnings, therapyparameters, links to additional information, missed medications, routeverifications, comparisons, flow rate information, physician notes, lossof communication, low battery, administration results, etc. The systemalso provides for displaying these and additional notifications. One wayin which a notification is displayed is on the digital assistants 118.Notifications may be provided to any one of numerous clinicians and/orcharge clinicians.

As explained above, one type of notification is an alarm/alertnotification. In the present system, notifications may be escalated. Aspecific alarm/alert escalation process is shown in FIG. 15. Typically,a notification process is provided to transmit notifications to anynumber of clinicians 116. The identified alarm/alert escalation process1500 of FIG. 15 provides for notifying a series of clinicians via aclinician device 118 when an alarm or alert is active on a medicaldevice such as an infusion pump 120. In a preferred embodiment, theclinician's device is a personal digital assistant (“PDA”) 118, such asshown in FIGS. 1 and 3, typically having a display 118 a and an audibletone or sound generator 118 c. For illustrative purposes only, theclinician's device will hereinafter be identified in this detaileddescription as a digital assistant 118. Further, the alarm/alertescalation process 1500 provides an escalation process when theclinician fails to respond to the alarm/alert notification on thedigital assistant 118. When an escalation process is started, anotification is provided to another or second clinician's digitalassistant 118 as specified in the escalation procedure. While thealarm/alert notification is sent to the digital assistants 118, it isunderstood that typically the pump alarms and alerts can only beresolved at the pump. As explained herein, silencing of the alarm oralert at the digital assistant 118, such as in block 1580 of FIG. 15,may or may not affect the pump.

The alarm/alert escalation process 1500 commences at block 1505 when atleast one or both of an alarm or an alert condition is triggered at themedical device 120. In a preferred embodiment, shown in FIG. 3,following the triggering of an alarm or an alert at the medical device120, a signal containing data relating to the alarm or alert conditionis generated and sent at block 1510 from the medical device 120, to theserver 109. In a wireless environment, either a medical device 120having a wireless transmitter is provided or a medical device 120connected to a wireless hub 107 is provided. In the latter example,shown in FIG. 3, the hub 107 receives signals from the medical devices120 and converts the signals into a format suitable for transmissiononto the system network 102 via wireless communication path or link 128.Further, if the hub 107 recognizes that the alarm, alert or othernotification is a duplicate, it may discard the duplicate notification.The transmitted signal is received by a wireless access point 114 withinthe healthcare environment. The wireless access points 114 provide aninterface between the wireless communication paths (i.e., wireless path128) and cable communication paths such as cable communication path 110shown in FIG. 3.

After the server 109 receives the data relating to the alarm or alertcondition, sent at block 1510, the server 109 conducts a preconditioncheck at block 1515. The precondition check may include: associating thealarm or alert condition at the medical device 120 with a specificpatient; associating the patient with a primary clinician, also referredto as a first clinician (this association may be conducted at thecentral system servicing unit 108 a); and, associating the firstclinician with that clinician's digital assistant 118. The server 109uses the information gained in its precondition check at block 1515 toestablish a relationship between the medical device 120 (and in oneembodiment the specific channel 121 of the infusion pump 120) thepatient, the primary or first clinician and the first clinician'sdigital assistant 118. It is understood that there is a many to manyrelationship between patients 112 and clinicians 116.

Accordingly, numerous first clinicians, numerous second clinicians, andnumerous n-level clinicians may be associated with a specific patient.Further, n-level escalations are also possible within this system.

Typically, the server 108 a has stored therein the patient to clinicianmany-to-many associations, and the patient to unit associations. Theserver 108 a transmits these associations to server 109, and the server109 stores these associations. Similarly, the server 108 a sends thecharge clinician to unit associations to the server 109 for storage.

Following the precondition check at block 1515, the server 109determines the appropriate channel 121 to patient 112 to clinician 116mapping. Once the mapping is complete, the server 109 determines if thefirst clinician's digital assistant 118 is active at block 1520. If thefirst clinician's digital assistant 118 is active, then the server 109generates a signal representative of the alarm or alert condition thatexist. The signal includes data such as the patient's name, patient'slocation, room identification, bed identification, alarm or alert type,condition description, time, date, clinician identification and/orprescription. In the preferred embodiment, the signal is transmittedfrom the server 109 to the wireless access point 114. The wirelessaccess point 114 then transmits the signal relating to the alarm oralert condition via a wireless communication transmission to theclinician's digital assistant 118 at block 1525.

The signal relating to the alarm or alert condition may also betransmitted at block 1525 to a charge clinician, a secondary firstclinician, or a secondary clinician. Such a signal may be transmittedvia a wireless or wired communication. Further, the charge clinician maybe utilizing a digital assistant 118, a desktop computer, or some otherelectronic device. The charge clinician is generally a supervisor orsome person to whom the clinicians report.

Additionally, the charge clinician may be a person who assists inworkflow for the clinicians, or who assists in monitoring alarm or alertconditions. The signal is received by the clinician's digital assistant118, and subsequently displayed at block 1530 in FIG. 15. This blockprovides for indicating the alarm or alert condition on the clinician'sdigital assistant 118. The indication on the clinician's digitalassistant may be visual, audible, or both visual and audible. Further,the visual indication may include one or more of text, icons, symbols,etc. Similarly, as explained above, the audible indication may include avariety of audible tones at a variety of decibel levels. The visual andaudible indicators are configurable by the hospital. FIG. 16A disclosesan exemplar screen shot of an alarm/alert interface list screen 1662 aon the clinician's digital assistant 118. The alarm/alert list interface1662 a contains a list of patients that are currently associated toactive channel alarm/alerts. As shown in FIG. 16A, this clinician'sdigital assistant 118 currently has three active alarm/alertindications. There is an alarm condition for patient one 1664, an alarmcondition for patient two 1666, and an alert condition for patient three1668. Each patient name and corresponding alarm/alert icon is ahyperlink to the appropriate pump alarm details interface screen, asshown in FIG. 17. In one embodiment, the list of patients is filtered toonly include the patients that are currently associated to the clinician116 logged into the digital assistant 118 displaying this interfacescreen. This clinician-to-patient association can be as a primaryclinician or as a temporary coverage clinician. A secondary cliniciancan also be accessed through the escalation process. The alarm/alertlist interface 1662 is typically accessed by clicking on an alarm/alerticon 4872 displayed on the clinician's 116 digital assistant 118 duringnormal clinician workflow.

As explained above, when the alarm or alert condition is indicated onthe clinician's digital assistant at block 1530, this indication may beprovided visually, audibly or both. When an audible indication isprovided at the clinician's digital assistant 118, the alarm icon 4872appears on the display 118 a of the clinician's digital assistant 118.If an audible indication is provided, the clinician may have the abilityto mute the audible indication even though the clinician has notresponded to the alarm or alert condition. If the clinician does silencethe alarm, the server 109 will initiate a silence timer. The visualindication will remain even though the audible indication has beenmuted. As shown in FIG. 16A, if an alarm/alert would be providing anaudible indication at the clinician's digital assistant 118 but for themuting by the clinician, a muted alarm/alert icon 4874 is provided.Further, upon escalation of the alarm/alert condition, if the cliniciandoes not respond to the alarm within the timer limit, the muting of theaudible indication may be disengaged. An alternate embodiment of theaudible indication may be a vibration alert.

Further, it is understood that multiple alarm/alert conditions may occursimultaneously or in overlapping periods. Accordingly, simultaneous oroverlapping signals containing data relating to the specific alarm oralert condition are generated and sent at block 1510 from the medicaldevice 120, to the server 109. The alarm/alert signals may originatefrom the same or different medical devices 120. Further, the alarm/alertsignals may relate to the same or different patients. Each of thealarm/alert signals, however, is individually routed in the alarm/alertescalation process 1500 as herein described for an individualalarm/alert condition.

As shown in FIG. 16A, a specific clinician may have numerous alarm/alertindications on his/her digital assistant 118. Another example of analarm/alert screen is shown on interface screen 1662 b of FIG. 16B. Asis typical in the present system, the line referenced as 1676 ininterface screen 1662 b of FIG. 16B indicates the end of a list, andspecifically the alarm/alert indication list for a specific clinician inthis interface.

FIG. 17 illustrates a detailed patient alarm/alert interface 1765 afterthe clinician has selected to view one of the alarm/alert indicationsfor the patient hyperlink on the clinician's digital assistant 118 fromthe interface list 1662 a of FIG. 16A. Here, the clinician has selectedthe alarm indication for patient one 1664. The alarm/alert detail screen1765 provides the clinician with a message detailing the reason for thealarm/alert. The clinician can click on the refresh button 4819 toupdate the current information displayed on the screen 1765. As shown oninterface 1867 of FIG. 18, multiple alarms or alerts 1878, 1882 mayexist for the same patient. This alarm/alert interface 1867 provides alist of all active pump alarm/alerts that are currently associated to agiven patient. These active pump alarm/alerts can be from multiplechannels 121 and/or pumps 120, and even spread across multiple hubs 107.This interface screen 1867 is accessed by specifying a given patient onthe pump alarm list screen 1662.

After the signal is sent to the clinician's digital assistant at block1525, and received by the primary clinician's digital assistant 118 atblock 1530, a timer is initiated at block 1535 at the server 109. Thetimer has a timer limit. A typical escalation timer limit isapproximately 2 minutes; however, this limit is configurable by thehospital. At block 1540, the system determines if a response is providedto the alert or alarm within the timer limit. If the timer limit isreached without acknowledgment from the primary clinician's digitalassistant 118, the process proceeds to block 1545. At block 1545, thesystem makes the further inquiry as to whether an acknowledgment orresponse to the alarm/alert condition has been made at the medicaldevice 120. If no response has been made at either the primaryclinician's digital assistant 118, the medical device 120, or by thecharge clinician, then at block 1545 the alarm/alert process isescalated.

If at any time a loss of communication occurs after an alarm/alertcondition is triggered, but prior to the acknowledgment of thealarm/alert condition, the alarm/alert condition will reassert once theloss of communication has been fixed. Similarly, if an alarm/alertcondition is triggered after a loss of communication, the alarm/alertcondition will reassert once the communication has been re-established.

When an alarm is escalated, the server 109 conducts another preconditioncheck at block 1550. This precondition check 1550 may include:associating the patient with a secondary clinician (this association maybe conducted at the central system servicing unit 108 a); and,associating the second clinician with that clinician's digital assistant118, also referred to as the second clinician's device or secondclinician's digital assistant 118. The server 109 uses the informationgained in its precondition check at block 1550 to establish arelationship between the medical device 120, the patient, the secondaryclinician and the second clinician's digital assistant 118.

Following the second precondition check at block 1550, the server 109may also determine if the second clinician's digital assistant 118 isactive. If the second clinician's digital assistant 118 is active, thenthe server 109 generates an escalated signal representative of the alarmor alert condition that exists. The escalated signal similarly includesdata such as the patient's name, patient's location, roomidentification, bed identification, alarm or alert type, conditiondescription, time, date, clinician identification and/or prescription.In the preferred embodiment, the escalated signal is transmitted fromthe server 109 to the wireless access point 114. The wireless accesspoint 114 then transmits the escalated signal relating to the alarm oralert condition via a wireless communication transmission to the secondclinician's digital assistant 118 at block 1555.

The escalated signal relating to the alarm or alert condition may alsobe transmitted at block 1555 to a charge clinician. Such an escalatedsignal may be via a wireless or wired communication. Further, the chargeclinician may be utilizing a digital assistant, a desktop computer, orsome other electronic device. As explained above, the charge clinicianis generally a supervisor or some person to whom the clinicians report,or a person who assists in workflow for the clinicians, or who assistsin monitoring alarm or alert conditions.

The escalated signal is received by the second clinician's digitalassistant 118, and subsequently displayed at block 1560 in FIG. 15. Thisblock provides for indicating the alarm or alert condition on the secondclinician's digital assistant 118. The indication on the secondclinician's device may be visual, audible, or both visual and audible.Further, the visual indication may include one or more of text, icons,symbols, etc. Similarly, as explained above, the audible indication mayinclude a variety of audible tones. It is understood, however, that theoriginal signal, see block 1525, sent to the first clinician is stillmaintained at the first clinician's digital assistant, as shown in block1530 of FIG. 15. The signal at the first clinician's digital assistant118 may be elevated (i.e., it may be shown in a larger size or font, itmay be flashing, the volume of the audible alert may be louder, etc.).

After the secondary signal is sent to the clinician's digital assistantat block 1555 and received by the secondary clinician's digitalassistant 118 at block 1560, there are at least two individuals (thefirst clinician and/or the charge clinician) and at least two devicesthat have the alarm/alert conditions active. Accordingly, any of theseclinicians may respond to the alarm/alert condition as shown in blocks1540 and 1565 The escalated alarm process will continue, at block 1570,until the alarm/alert condition is cleared either at one of theclinician's digital assistant 118, the charge clinician's computer ordevice, or at the medical device 120.

Referring back to block 1520, if the server 109 determines that theprimary clinician's digital assistant 118 is not active, and if at block1545 the server 109 determines that the alarm/alert condition stillexists, the server 109 will proceed to block 1550 as discussed above todetermine the appropriate secondary or charge clinician to send thealarm/alert signal.

Additionally, it is understood that block 1520 may occur at any timeduring the alarm/alert escalation process 1500. One reason for aclinician's digital assistant 118 being inactive could be a loss of asignal from the server 109. As shown in the communication loss interfacescreen 4501 of FIGS. 45A and 45B, when the signal is lost the digitalassistant 118 will provide the clinician 116 with a screen 4501, and/oran audible/vibratory indication, indicating a lost signal. Thecommunication loss screen 4501 also informs the clinician 116 as towhich patients the signal has been lost. At screen 4501 the system 210also provides the clinician 116 with trouble shooting tips to regain asignal. When a hub 107 or digital assistant 118 is outside of thewireless range, pump alarms and alerts cannot be received at the digitalassistant 118.

Other reasons for the digital assistant 118 being inactive could be theloss of battery power at the digital assistant 118, a loss of batterypower at the wireless hub 107, or the digital assistant losing a signalwith the access point 114. The system 210 does provide the clinician 116with a low battery screen. As shown in interface screen 4603 of FIG. 46,one type of low battery screen is a screen to alert the clinician that alow battery situation exists on a wireless hub 107 connected to apatient's infusion pump. When a low battery screen is provided, thescreen contains a list of patients for which infusions are associatedwith that specific hub 107. The list of patients is generally filteredto include only the patients that are currently associated to theclinician logged into the digital assistant 118 displaying the screen4603, and also all patients that share the same infusion pump 120/hub107 with the logged-in clinician. This clinician-to-patient associationcan be as a first clinician or as a secondary clinician through theescalation process. It is understood that other reasons for theclinician's digital assistant 118 being inactive are possible.Nevertheless, if at any time the clinician's digital assistant 118becomes inactive, the process 1500 may proceed to block 3100 such thatthe signal may be sent to a secondary clinician and/or to the chargeclinician. Further, as explained above with respect to a time-outfeature and other features of this disclosure, if a communication signalis lost from either the server 109 or the medical device 120, a signallost message may be provided on the digital assistant 118 as shown inFIGS. 45A and 45B.

At any time during the alarm/alert process, the primary clinician mayrespond to the alarm/alert signal. If the primary clinician responded tothe alarm/alert signal at block 1540, the escalated process will beavoided. If, however, an escalated process has been initiated at block1550, either the primary physician or the secondary clinician mayrespond to the alarm/alert signal at block 1565. Similarly, thealarm/alert condition may be resolved at the medical device 120, or bythe charge clinician at any time, either before or during an alarm/alertescalation process. After the alarm/alert condition has been resolved,either at block 1540, block 1565, at the medical device 120 or by thecharge clinician, the audible alarm at the medical device 120 and at theclinician's digital assistant 118 will be terminated at block 1540.

The server 109 records all alarm/alert conditions as an event at block1585. Recording the event may include: recording information on thealarm/alert condition; recording the clinician who responded to thealarm/alert condition; recording the initial time of the alarm/alertcondition (see block 1505); and, recording the time when the alarm/alertcondition was rectified. Additionally, at block 1590, the server 109will reset the timer and update a medical device alarm list. Thealarm/alert condition may also be recorded in the pump's event history.

Example Use Cases

FIG. 55A-FIG. 62 are flowcharts of example operations that may beperformed using the system described herein. Example operations includeadministering a new infusion, scanning a pump channel, changing thechannel a pump is assigned to, stopping/discontinuing an infusion,resuming an infusion, and removing a pump. In general, each of theseoperations receives inputs from an electronic device, such as a digitalassistant 118, which includes information indicating the operation to beperformed, information identifying which patient 112 is to be affected(e.g., patient ID), and information identifying which medication 124 forthat patient 112 is to be affected (e.g., Rx ID). This information isthen sent to the first central server 109, which confirms that channelidentification information matches the infusion order information andconfirms that the correct infusion operation occurred.

Administer Infusion Process

FIG. 55A illustrates an example of an administer infusion process 5500.Portions of the administer infusion process 5500 are an alternateembodiment of the comparison procedure 5200 outlined above. Theadminister infusion process 5500 may be used to start a new infusion. Ingeneral, the administer infusion process 5500 receives inputs from anelectronic device, such as a digital assistant 118, which includesinformation indicating an administer infusion process is to beperformed, information identifying which patient 112 is to be affected(e.g., patient ID), and information identifying which medication 124 forthat patient 112 is to be started (e.g., Rx ID). The process 5500 thensends this information to the first central server 109, which confirmsthat channel identification information matches the infusion orderinformation and confirms that the correct infusion is started.

More specifically, the example administer infusion process 5500 beginswhen the second central server 108 a causes the digital assistant 118 todisplay a list of patients at block 5502. An example of a digitalassistant display 118 a showing a list of patients is illustrated inFIG. 24. The list of patients is preferably limited to patientsassociated with the user (e.g., a clinician 116) who is logged into thatdigital assistant 118 at the time. Once the user selects a patient 112,information identifying the selection and/or the patient 112 istransmitted from the digital assistant 118 back to the second centralserver 108 a. Communication between the digital assistant 118 and thesecond central server 108 a may be via any suitable communicationchannel such as the wireless/wired network 102 described above. Thesecond central server 108 a then causes the digital assistant 118 todisplay a list of actions at block 5504. An example of a digitalassistant display 118 a showing a list of actions is illustrated in FIG.25. The list of actions is preferably limited to actions associated withthe selected patient 112. For example, an “administer infusion” actionwould only be available if at least one infusion was currentlyassociated with the selected patient 112.

When the user selects the “administer infusion” action from the list ofactions, information identifying the action selected is sent to thesecond central server 108 a. In response, the second central server 108a causes the digital assistant 118 to display a screen prompting theuser to select a medication 124 to be infused from a list of medicationsdisplayed on the digital assistant 118 at block 5506. An example of adigital assistant display 118 a showing a list of medications isillustrated in FIG. 26. The list of medications is preferably retrievedfrom the second central server 108 a database based on actual orders forthis patient 112. Of course, the list may have any number of itemsincluding no infusions to administer or one infusion to administer. Dataindicative of the selected medication 124 is then sent to the secondcentral server 108 a.

Next, the second central server 108 a causes the digital assistant 118to display a screen prompting the user to scan a machine-readableidentifier associated with the patient 112 at block 5508. An example ofa digital assistant display 118 a prompting the user to scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the patient 112 isillustrated in FIG. 36. The user may use the scanner of the digitalassistant 118 to scan a barcode label on the patient's wristband 112 a.Alternatively, the user may manually enter the patient identifier intothe digital assistant 118. The patient identifier is then sent to thesecond central server 108 a for verification at block 5510. The secondcentral server 108 a then attempts to lookup the patient identifier in adatabase. If the patient identifier (e.g., wristband ID) does not existas a valid patient identifier in the database, the second central server108 a causes the digital assistant 118 to display an invalid patientnotification at block 5512. Once the user acknowledges the invalidpatient notification (or the notification times out), the digitalassistant 118 re-displays the screen prompting the user to scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the patient 112 at block5508.

If the patient identifier (e.g., wristband ID) does exist as a validpatient identifier in the database at block 5510, the second centralserver 108 a causes the digital assistant 118 to display a screenprompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifier associated withthe medication 124 to be administered at block 5514. An example of adigital assistant display 118 a prompting the user to scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the medication 124 isillustrated in FIG. 34. The user may use the scanner of the digitalassistant 118 to scan the medication label 124 a on a bag of medication124 (e.g., a barcode on an infusion bag).

Alternatively, the user may manually enter the medication identifierinto the digital assistant 118. The medication identifier is then sentto the second central server 108 a for verification at block 5516. Thesecond central server 108 a attempts to lookup the medication identifierin the database. If the medication identifier (e.g., bag ID) does notexist as a valid medication identifier in the database, the secondcentral server 108 a causes the digital assistant 118 to display aninvalid item notification at block 5518. Once the user acknowledges theinvalid item notification (or the notification times out), the digitalassistant 118 re-displays the screen prompting the user to scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the medication 124 to beresumed at block 5514.

Once a valid medication identifier is obtained, the second centralserver 108 a uses the medication identifier to look up a patientidentifier in the database. The patient identifier from the database isthen compared to the scanned (or manually entered) patient identifier todetermine if the scanned (or manually entered) medication 124 belongs tothe scanned (or manually entered) patient 112 at block 5520. If the twopatient identifiers do not match, the second central server 108 a causesthe digital assistant 118 to display the invalid item notification atblock 5518.

If the two patient identifiers do match (i.e., this patient 112 goeswith this medication 124), the second central server 108 a causes thedigital assistant 118 to display a screen prompting the user to enter aroute, a line, and a site at block 5522. An example of a digitalassistant display 118 a prompting the user to enter a route, a line, anda site is illustrated in FIG. 37. Data indicative of the route, line,and site is then sent to the second central server 108 a forverification at block 5524. If a route mismatch occurs, the secondcentral server 108 a causes the digital assistant 118 to display a routemismatch notification at block 5526. An example of a digital assistantdisplay 118 a with a mismatch notification is illustrated in FIG. 40.Once the user acknowledges the route mismatch notification (or thenotification times out), the digital assistant 118 re-displays thescreen prompting the user to enter a route, a line, and a site at block5522. If a route mismatch does not occur, the second central server 108a causes the digital assistant 118 to display a screen asking the userto select between a manual prescription comparison and an automaticprescription comparison at block 5528. If a manual prescriptioncomparison is selected at block 5530, the second central server 108 acauses the digital assistant 118 to display an indication of theparameters to be manually verified by the user at block 5532.

Subsequently, the second central server 108 a determines if there aremore items (e.g., medications) to administer for this patient 112 atblock 5534. For example, the infusion order selected in block 5506 mayrequire a primary infusion and a piggyback infusion. If there are moreitems (e.g., medications) to administer for this patient 112, the secondcentral server 108 a causes the digital assistant 118 to display thescreen prompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifierassociated with the medication 124 to be administered at block 5514. Anexample of a digital assistant display 118 a prompting the user to scana machine-readable identifier associated with the medication 124 isillustrated in FIG. 34. If there are no more items (e.g., medications)to administer for this patient 112, the second central server 108 acauses the digital assistant 118 to display a screen showing theadministration results at block 5536. An example of a digital assistantdisplay 118 a showing the administration results is illustrated in FIG.57.

The administration results are also passed to the first central server109. For example, the administration results may be passed to the firstcentral server 109 as form variables (as if submitted from a web page).The first central server 109 then checks all of the administrationresults for any failures at block 5538. If there are no failures, thefirst central server 109 commits all of the newchannel-patient-medication relationships to the first central server 109database at block 5540. The first central server 109 then returnscontrol to the second central server 108 a by navigating to a predefinedURL associated with the second central server 108 a at block 5542. Ifthere are one or more failures, the first central server 109 discardschannel-patient-medication relationships associated with the failuresand commits channel-patient-medication relationships associated with thesuccesses to the first central server 109 database at block 5544. Thefailures may be associated with the second central server 108 a and/orthe first central server 109. Accordingly, the first central server 109preferably communicates failures associated with the first centralserver 109 (e.g., an integrity failure) back to the second centralserver 108 a when the first central server 109 returns control to thesecond central server 108 a by navigating to a predefined URL associatedwith the second central server 108 a at block 5546.

Returning to block 5530, if an automatic prescription comparison isselected, the second central server 108 a transmits a “prescriptioncomparison” XML document to the first central server 109 at block 5531.The “prescription comparison” XML document includes the patientidentifier (e.g., wristband ID), the medication identifier (e.g., bagID), a completion URL, and a cancellation URL. The completion URL is anetwork address used if a prescription match is found. The cancellationURL is a network address used if a prescription match is not found.

Once the first central server 109 receives the “prescription comparison”XML document, the first central server 109 determines if the“prescription comparison” XML document is valid at block 5548. Forexample, the first central server 109 may check if any data normallyexpected in a “prescription comparison” XML document is missing from thereceived “prescription comparison” XML document. If the first centralserver 109 determines that the “prescription comparison” XML document isnot valid, the first central server 109 causes the digital assistant 118to display an error message indicating to the user that the“prescription comparison” action could not be executed at block 5550.This display may include a reason such as which data was missing fromthe “prescription comparison” XML document. After the user presses an“OK” button to acknowledge the error message, the first central server109 returns a cancellation code to the second central server 108 a viathe cancellation URL at block 5552.

If the first central server 109 determines that the “prescriptioncomparison” XML document is valid, the first central server 109initiates a channel scanning process 5554.

Generally, the channel scanning process 5554 prompts the user to scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the “new” pump channel(e.g., pump channel 103 a) and determines if the scanned channel isavailable (e.g., not assigned to any patient 112; assigned to thecurrent patient 112, but not in use; assigned to another patient 112 andoverwritten; etc.). If the scanned channel is not available, the“administer infusion” action is cancelled. In such an event, the firstcentral server 109 returns a cancel code to the second central server108 a via the cancellation URL. If the scanned channel is available, anew channel-patient-medication relationship is created. The channelscanning process 5554 is described in more detail below with referenceto FIG. 56.

If the channel scanning process 5554 determines that the scanned channelis valid and available, the first central server 109 causes the digitalassistant 118 to display a screen prompting the user to program the pumpchannel at block 5556. Preferably, the digital assistant displayincludes a “Compare” button and a “Cancel” button. If the user pressesthe “Cancel” button, the first central server 109 discards the newchannel-patient-medication relationship at block 5558 and returns thecancellation code to the second central server 108 a via thecancellation URL at block 5552. If the user presses the “Compare”button, the first central server 109 determines if communication withthe pump channel is operating properly at block 5560. For example, thefirst central server 109 may determine that communication with the pumpchannel is not operating properly if status information has not beenreceived from the channel within a predefined time period.

If communication with the pump channel is not operating properly, thefirst central server 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display ascreen indicating that a prescription comparison cannot be performed dueto a loss of communication with the pump channel at block 5562. Again,the digital assistant display 118 a preferably includes a “Compare”button and a “Cancel” button. If the user presses the “Cancel” button,the first central server 109 discards the new channel-patient-medicationrelationship at block 5558 and returns the cancellation code to thesecond central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block 5552. Ifthe user presses the “Compare” button, the first central server 109rechecks if communication with the pump channel is operating properly atblock 5560.

If communication with the pump channel is operating properly, the firstcentral server 109 determines if any data associated with this channelis missing at block 5564. For example, the first central server 109 maydetermine that data associated with this channel is missing if statusinformation received from the channel is missing an expected sequencenumber. If channel data is missing, the first central server 109 causesthe digital assistant 118 to display a screen indicating that aprescription comparison cannot be performed due to missing channel dataat block 5564. Again, the digital assistant display 118 a preferablyincludes a “Compare” button and a “Cancel” button. If the user pressesthe “Cancel” button, the first central server 109 discards the newchannel-patient-medication relationship at block 5558 and returns thecancellation code to the second central server 108 a via thecancellation URL at block 5552. If the user presses the “Compare”button, the first central server 109 rechecks if communication with thepump channel is operating properly at block 5560.

If no channel data is missing, the first central server 109 determinesif the channel is already running at block 5568. For example, the firstcentral server 109 may determine if the pump channel is running byreading status information received from the channel. If the channel isalready running, the first central server 109 causes the digitalassistant 118 to display a screen indicating that a prescriptioncomparison cannot be performed because the channel is already running atblock 5570. An example of a digital assistant display 118 a indicatingthat a prescription comparison cannot be performed is illustrated inFIG. 42. The digital assistant display 118 a may also indicate that theuser should press a certain key on the pump 120 (e.g., start). Again,the digital assistant display 118 a preferably includes a “Compare”button and a “Cancel” button. If the user presses the “Cancel” button,the first central server 109 discards the new channel-patient-medicationrelationship at block 5558 and returns the cancellation code to thesecond central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block 5552. Ifthe user presses the “Compare” button, the first central server 109rechecks if communication with the pump channel is operating properly atblock 5572.

If communication with the pump channel is not operating properly, thefirst central server 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display ascreen indicating that a prescription comparison cannot be performed dueto a loss of communication with the pump channel at block 5574. Again,the digital assistant display 118 a preferably includes a “Compare”button and a “Cancel” button. If the user presses the “Cancel” button,the first central server 109 discards the new channel-patient-medicationrelationship at block 5558 and returns the cancellation code to thesecond central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block 5552. Ifthe user presses the “Compare” button, the first central server 109rechecks if communication with the pump channel is operating properly atblock 5574. If communication with the pump channel is operatingproperly, the first central server 109 performs the requestedprescription comparison at block 5576.

Returning to block 5568, if the channel is not running, the firstcentral server 109 determines if the pump channel is setup to send rateinformation at block 5578. If the pump channel is not setup to send rateinformation, the first central server 109 causes the digital assistant118 to display a screen indicating that a prescription comparison cannotbe performed because the channel is not sending rate information atblock 5580. An example of a digital assistant display 118 a indicatingthat a prescription comparison cannot be performed is illustrated inFIG. 41. The digital assistant display 118 a may also indicate that theuser should press a certain key on the pump 120 (e.g., rate). Again, thedigital assistant display 118 a preferably includes a “Compare” buttonand a “Cancel” button. If the user presses the “Cancel” button, thefirst central server 109 discards the new channel-patient-medicationrelationship at block 5558 and returns the cancellation code to thesecond central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block 5552. Ifthe user presses the “Compare” button, the first central server 109rechecks if communication with the pump channel is operating properly atblock 5572. If the pump channel is setup to send rate information, thefirst central server 109 performs the requested prescription comparisonat block 5576.

As part of the prescription comparison, the first central server 109uses the channel identifier obtained by the channel scanning process5554 and the patient identifier transmitted by the second central server108 a to look up a medication identifier in the database (or twomedication identifiers if a primary medication 124 and a piggybackmedication 124 are both associated with this channel). The medicationidentifier(s) from the database are then compared to the scanned (ormanually entered) medication identifier at block 5582. If one of themedication identifier(s) from the database does not match the scanned(or manually entered) medication identifier, the first central server109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display an invalid medicationnotification at block 5584. For example, the digital assistant 118 maydisplay a message that the scanned medication 124 is not associated withthe scanned channel and indicate the actual medication 124 assigned tothe scanned channel (both primary and piggyback if applicable). Again,the digital assistant display 118 a preferably includes a “Compare”button and a “Cancel” button. If the user presses the “Cancel” button,the first central server 109 discards the new channel-patient-medicationrelationship at block 5558 and returns the cancellation code to thesecond central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block 5552. Ifthe user presses the “Compare” button, the first central server 109rechecks if communication with the pump channel is operating properly atblock 5572.

As an additional part of the prescription comparison, the first centralserver 109 uses the channel identifier obtained by the channel scanningprocess 5554 and the patient identifier transmitted by the secondcentral server 108 a to look up a medication rate in the database. Themedication rate from the database is then compared to the actual ratereceived from the pump channel at block 5585. If medication rate fromthe database does not match the actual rate received from the pumpchannel, the first central server 109 causes the digital assistant 118to display a rate mismatch notification at block 5586. An example of adigital assistant display 118 a with a mismatch notification isillustrated in FIG. 40. For example, the digital assistant 118 maydisplay a message that the rate of the channel should be adjusted andindicate the correct value. Again, the digital assistant display 118 apreferably includes a “Compare” button and a “Cancel” button. If theuser presses the “Cancel” button, the first central server 109 discardsthe new channel-patient-medication relationship at block 5558 andreturns the cancellation code to the second central server 108 a via thecancellation URL at block 5552. If the user presses the “Compare”button, the first central server 109 rechecks if communication with thepump channel is operating properly at block 5572.

In addition, the digital assistant display 118 a may include an “AcceptMismatch” button. If the user presses the “Accept Mismatch” button, thefirst central server 109 returns a mismatch code and the mismatchingrates to the second central server 108 a via the completion URL at block5588. If medication rate from the database does match the actual ratereceived from the pump channel at block 5585, the first central server109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display a match notification atblock 5590. An example of a digital assistant display 118 a with a matchnotification is illustrated in FIG. 39. Once the user accepts the matchnotification message, the first central server 109 returns a match codeand the matching rate to the second central server 108 a via thecompletion URL at block 5588.

Channel Scanning Process (for Administer Infusion Process)

FIG. 56 illustrates an example of the channel scanning process 5554 usedabove with reference to FIG. 55. Generally, the channel scanning process5554 prompts the user to scan a machine-readable identifier associatedwith a pump channel and determines if the scanned channel is available(e.g., assigned to the current patient 112, but not in use). If thescanned channel is not available, the “administer infusion” action iscancelled. In such an event, the first central server 109 returns acancel code to the second central server 108 a via the cancellation URL.If the scanned channel is available, a new channel-patient-medicationrelationship is created.

More specifically, the example channel scanning process 5554 begins whenthe first central server 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to displaya screen prompting the user to select a sub-channel (e.g., primary orpiggyback) and scan a machine-readable identifier associated with thechannel at block 5602. An example of a digital assistant display 118 aprompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifier associated withthe channel is illustrated in FIG. 38. For example, the user may use thescanner of the digital assistant 118 to scan a barcode label associatedwith the channel. Alternatively, the user may manually enter the channelidentifier into the digital assistant 118. In addition, the user maychoose to skip the scanning process which causes a return to the secondcentral server 108 a via the completion URL or he may choose to cancelthe scan which causes a return to the second central server 108 a viathe cancellation URL.

The channel identifier is then sent to the first central server 109 forverification at block 5604. The first central server 109 then attemptsto lookup the channel identifier in the database. If the channelidentifier does not exist as a valid channel identifier in the database(e.g., not properly formatted, not configured in the first centralserver 109, etc.), the first central server 109 causes the digitalassistant 118 to display an invalid channel notification at block 5606.For example, the digital assistant 118 may display a message that thechannel is not configured in the first central server 109 and includebuttons allowing the user to rescan the channel identifier or cancel outof the operation. If the user chooses to cancel the operation, the firstcentral server 109 preferably sends a cancel code to the second centralserver 108 a via the cancellation URL at block 5608.

Once a valid channel identifier is obtained, the first central server109 uses the channel identifier to look up a patient identifier in thedatabase. The first central server 109 then compares the patientidentifier from the database to the scanned (or manually entered)patient identifier at block 5610. If a valid patient identifier ispresent in the database, but the two patient identifiers do not match(i.e., the channel is assigned to a different patient 112), the firstcentral server 109 checks the database to see if the channel is running(in either primary and/or piggyback mode) at block 5612.

If the channel is running, the first central server 109 causes thedigital assistant 118 to display a “cannot overwrite” error messageindicating that a different patient 112 is associated with the scannedchannel and that the channel is currently running at block 5614. Theerror message may also include data indicative of the patient 112 thatis associated with the scanned channel (e.g., patient's name), theprimary medication 124, and/or the piggyback medication 124. Preferably,the user is given the option to cancel or rescan. If the user chooses tocancel the operation, the first central server 109 sends a cancel codeto the second central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block5608. If the user chooses to rescan, the first central server 109 causesthe digital assistant 118 to display the screen prompting the user toselect a sub-channel (e.g., primary or piggyback) and scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the channel at block 5602.

If the channel is not running, the first central server 109 causes thedigital assistant 118 to display a “continue overwrite” warning messageindicating that a different patient 112 is associated with the scannedchannel, but the channel is not currently running at block 5616.

Preferably, the warning message indicates that continuing will overwriteexisting data (e.g., remove the association with the other patient 112).The warning message may also include data indicative of the patient 112that is associated with the scanned channel (e.g., patient's name), theprimary medication 124, and/or the piggyback medication 124. Preferably,the user is given the option to cancel, rescan, or continue. If the userchooses to cancel the operation, the first central server 109 sends acancel code to the second central server 108 a via the cancellation URLat block 5608. If the user chooses to rescan, the first central server109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display the screen prompting theuser to select a sub-channel (e.g., primary or piggyback) and scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the channel at block 5602.

An example of a digital assistant display 118 a prompting the user toscan a machine-readable identifier associated with the channel isillustrated in FIG. 38. If the user chooses to continue, the firstcentral server 109 creates a new channel-patient-medication relationshipand stores the new channel-patient-medication relationship in thecurrent “web session” at block 5618. If this newchannel-patient-medication relationship is ultimately kept, the firstcentral server 109 commits the new channel-patient-medicationrelationship to the first central server 109 database block 5540 of FIG.55 as described in detail above.

If a valid patient identifier is present in the database, and the twopatient identifiers do match (i.e., the channel is assigned to thispatient 112) at block 5620, the first central server 109 checks thedatabase to see if the sub-channel is empty at block 5622. In otherwords, the first central server 109 checks that there is no primaryinfusion associated with this channel if the primary sub-channel wasselected in block 5602 and checks that there is no piggyback infusionassociated with this channel if the piggyback sub-channel was selectedin block 5602. If the sub-channel is empty, the first central server 109creates a new channel-patient-medication relationship and stores the newchannel-patient-medication relationship in the current “web session” atblock 5618. If the sub-channel is not empty, the first central server109 checks the database to see if the sub-channel is running (in eitherprimary and/or piggyback mode) at block 5624.

If the sub-channel is running, the first central server 109 causes thedigital assistant 118 to display a “cannot overwrite” error messageindicating that this patient 112 is already associated with the scannedchannel and that the selected sub-channel is currently running at block5626. The error message may also include data indicative of the patient112 (e.g., patient's name), the primary medication 124, and/or thepiggyback medication 124. Preferably, the user is given the option tocancel or rescan. If the user chooses to cancel the operation, the firstcentral server 109 sends a cancel code to the second central server 108a via the cancellation URL at block 5608. If the user chooses to rescan,the first central server 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to displaythe screen prompting the user to select a sub-channel (e.g., primary orpiggyback) and scan a machine-readable identifier associated with thechannel at block 5602.

If the sub-channel is not running, the first central server 109 causesthe digital assistant 118 to display a “continue” message indicatingthat this patient 112 is associated with the scanned channel, but theselected sub-channel is not currently running at block 5628. The messagemay also include data indicative of the patient 112 (e.g., patient'sname), the primary medication 124, and/or the piggyback medication 124.Preferably, the user is given the option to cancel, rescan, or continue.If the user chooses to cancel the operation, the first central server109 sends a cancel code to the second central server 108 a via thecancellation URL at block 5608. If the user chooses to rescan, the firstcentral server 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display thescreen prompting the user to select a sub-channel (e.g., primary orpiggyback) and scan a machine-readable identifier associated with thechannel at block 5602. If the user chooses to continue, the firstcentral server 109 creates a new channel-patient-medication relationshipand stores the new channel-patient-medication relationship in thecurrent “web session” at block 5618. When the user presses continueagain, the first central server 109 returns control to the currentaction (e.g., administer infusion).

Change Pump Channel Process

FIG. 57 A illustrates an example of a change pump channel process 5700.The change pump channel process 5700 may be used (e.g., by a nurse) tochange an infusion from one pump channel to another pump channel withoutlosing the channel-patient-medication relationship in the database. Ingeneral, the change pump channel process 5700 receives inputs from anelectronic device, such as a digital assistant 118, which includesinformation indicating a change pump channel process is to be performed,information identifying which patient 112 is to be affected (e.g.,patient ID), and information identifying which medication 124 for thatpatient 112 is to be affected (e.g., Rx ID). The process 5700 then sendsthis information to the first central server 109, which confirms thatchannel identification information matches the change pump channel orderinformation.

More specifically, the example change pump channel process 5700 beginswhen the second central server 108 a causes the digital assistant 118 todisplay a list of patients for selection at block 5702. An example of adigital assistant display showing a list of patients is illustrated inFIG. 24. The list of patients is preferably limited to patientsassociated with the user (e.g., a clinician 116) who is logged into thatdigital assistant 118 at the time. Once the user selects a patient 112,information identifying the selection and/or the patient 112 istransmitted from the digital assistant 118 back to the second centralserver 108 a.

Communication between the digital assistant 118 and the second centralserver 108 a may be via any suitable communication channel such as thewireless/wired network 102 described above.

The second central server 108 a then causes the digital assistant 118 todisplay a list of actions at block 5704. An example of a digitalassistant display showing a list of actions is illustrated in FIG. 25.The list of actions is preferably limited to actions associated with theselected patient 112. For example, a “change pump channel” action wouldonly be available if an infusion associated with this patient 112 wascurrently listed in the second central server 108 a database.

When the user selects the “change pump channel” action from the list ofactions, information identifying the action selected is sent to thesecond central server 108 a. In response, the second central server 108a causes the digital assistant 118 to display a screen prompting theuser to scan a machine-readable identifier associated with themedication 124 to be affected by this “change pump channel” action atblock 5706. An example of a digital assistant display prompting the userto scan a machine-readable identifier associated with the medication 124is illustrated in FIG. 34. The user may use the scanner of the digitalassistant 118 to scan the medication label 124 a on a bag of medication124 (e.g., a barcode on an infusion bag). Alternatively, the user maymanually enter the medication identifier into the digital assistant 118.

The medication identifier is then sent to the second central server 108a for verification at block 5708. The second central server 108 aattempts to lookup the medication identifier in the database. If themedication identifier (e.g., bag ID) does not exist as a validmedication identifier in the database, the second central server 108 acauses the digital assistant 118 to display an invalid item notificationat block 5710. Once the user acknowledges the invalid item notification(or the notification times out), the digital assistant 118 re-displaysthe screen prompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifierassociated with the medication 124 to be affected by this “change pumpchannel” action at block 5706.

If the medication identifier (e.g., bag ID) does exist as a validmedication identifier in the database at block 5708, the second centralserver 108 a transmits a “change pump channel” XML document to the firstcentral server 109. The “change pump channel” XML document includes thepatient identifier (e.g., selected from list in block 5702, themedication identifier (e.g., bag ID), a completion URL, and acancellation URL. The completion URL is a network address used if the“change pump channel” action is attempted. The cancellation URL is anetwork address used if the “change pump channel” action fails.

Once the first central server 109 receives the “change pump channel” XMLdocument, the first central server 109 determines if the “change pumpchannel” XML document is valid at block 5724. For example, the firstcentral server 109 may check if any data normally expected in a “changepump channel” XML document is missing from the received “change pumpchannel” XML document. If the first central server 109 determines thatthe “change pump channel” XML document is not valid, the first centralserver 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display an error messageindicating to the user that the “change pump channel” action could notbe executed at block 5726. This display may include a reason such aswhich data was missing from the “change pump channel” XML document.After the user presses an “OK” button to acknowledge the error message,the first central server 109 returns a failure code to the secondcentral server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block 5728.

If the first central server 109 determines that the “change pumpchannel” XML document is valid, the first central server 109 initiates achannel scanning process 5730. This channel scanning process 5730 isassociated with the “old” channel (i.e., the user is attempting to movefrom and “old” channel to a “new” channel). Generally, the channelscanning process 5730 prompts the user to scan a machine-readableidentifier associated with the “old” pump channel and determines if thescanned channel is associated with the patient identifier and themedication identifier (as described in more detail below with referenceto FIG. 58. If the scanned channel is not associated with the patientidentifier and the medication identifier, the “change pump channel”action is cancelled. In such an event, the first central server 109returns a cancel code to the second central server 108 a via thecancellation URL at block 5728.

If the scanned channel is associated with the patient identifier and themedication identifier (i.e., the old channel is valid), the firstcentral server 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display a messageindicating the patient 112, the old channel of the primary infusion, andthe old channel of the piggyback infusion at block 5732. Preferably, thedigital assistant 118 also displays a message indicating that bothinfusions (primary and piggyback) are moved by this operation, alongwith a “Continue” button and a “Cancel” button. If the user presses the“Cancel” button, the first central server 109 returns a cancel code tothe second central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block 5728.

If the user presses the “Continue” button, the first central server 109initiates another channel scanning process 5734. This channel scanningprocess 5734 is associated with the “new” channel (i.e., the user isattempting to move from an “old” channel to a “new” channel).

Generally, the channel scanning process 5734 prompts the user to scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the “new” pump channel anddetermines if the scanned channel is available (e.g., not assigned toany patient 112; assigned to the current patient 112, but not in use;assigned to another patient 112 and overwritten; etc.). If the scannedchannel is not available, the “change pump channel” action is cancelled.In such an event, the first central server 109 returns a cancel code tothe second central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block 5728.The channel scanning process 5734 is described in more detail below withreference to FIG. 59.

If the scanned channel is associated with the patient identifier and themedication identifier (i.e., the new channel is valid), the firstcentral server 109 determines if any other infusions are currentlyassociated with the new channel at block 5736. If another infusion isalready associated with the new channel, the first central server 109causes the digital assistant 118 to display a message indicating thatanother infusion is currently associated with the new channel and amessage asking the user if he/she would like to overwrite the currentinfusion at block 5738. Preferably, this message includes a “Yes”button, a “No” button, and a “Cancel” button. If the user presses the“Cancel” button, the first central server 109 returns a cancel code tothe second central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block 5728.If the user presses the “No” button, the first central server 109initiates another channel scanning process 5834.

If the user presses the “No” button, the first central server 109attempts to remove the channel-patient-medication relationship in thedatabase for the new channel at block 5740. If the attempt to remove thechannel-patient-medication relationship in the database for the newchannel is unsuccessful at block 5742, the first central server 109causes the digital assistant 118 to display a “change pump channel”error message including the patient identifier, the medicationidentifier associated with the primary infusion that was not moved (ifapplicable), and the medication identifier associated with the piggybackinfusion that was not moved (if applicable) at block 5744. Once the useracknowledges the “change pump channel” error message by pressing an “OK”button, the first central server 109 returns a failure code to thesecond central server 108 a via the completion URL at block 5746.

If another infusion is not already associated with the new channel atblock 5736, or the attempt to remove the channel-patient-medicationrelationship in the database for the new channel is successful at block5742, the first central server 109 attempts to change thechannel-patient-medication relationship in the database for both theprimary and piggyback infusions from the old channel to the new channelat block 5748. If the attempt to move the channel-patient-medicationrelationship in the database from the old channel to the new channel isnot successful at block 5750, the first central server 109 causes thedigital assistant 118 to display the “change pump channel” errormessage.

If the attempt to move the channel-patient-medication relationship inthe database from the old channel to the new channel is successful atblock 5750, the first central server 109 causes the digital assistant118 to display a “change pump channel” success message including thepatient identifier, the medication identifier associated with theprimary infusion that was moved (if applicable), and the medicationidentifier associated with the piggyback infusion that was moved (ifapplicable) at block 5752. Preferably, the display also includes amessage to the user to move the tubing to the new channel. Once the useracknowledges the “change pump channel” success message by pressing an“OK” button, the first central server 109 returns a success code to thesecond central server 108 a via the completion URL at block 5746.

Channel Scanning Process

FIG. 58 illustrates an example of the channel scanning process 5730 usedabove with reference to FIG. 57. Generally, the channel scanning process5730 prompts the user to scan a machine-readable identifier associatedwith a pump channel and determines if the scanned channel is associatedwith the previously scanned patient identifier and medicationidentifier. If the scanned channel is not associated with the patientidentifier and the medication identifier, the current action (e.g.,stop, discontinue, resume, channel change, remove pump, etc.) iscancelled.

More specifically, the example channel scanning process 5730 begins whenthe first central server 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to displaya screen prompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifierassociated with the channel at block 5802. An example of a digitalassistant display 118 a prompting the user to scan a machine-readableidentifier associated with the channel is illustrated in FIG. 38. Forexample, the user may use the scanner of the digital assistant 118 toscan a barcode label associated with the channel.

Alternatively, the user may manually enter the channel identifier intothe digital assistant 118. The channel identifier is then sent to thefirst central server 109 for verification at block 5804. The firstcentral server 109 then attempts to look up the channel identifier inthe database. If the channel identifier does not exist as a validchannel identifier in the database (e.g., not properly formatted, notconfigured in the first central server 109, etc.), the first centralserver 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display an invalidchannel notification at block 5806. For example, the digital assistant118 may display a message that the channel is not configured in thefirst central server 109 and include buttons allowing the user to rescanthe channel identifier or cancel out of the operation. If the userchooses to cancel the operation, the first central server 109 preferablysends a cancel code to the second central server 108 a via thecancellation URL at block 5808.

Once a valid channel identifier is obtained, the first central server109 uses the channel identifier to look up a patient identifier in thedatabase. The patient identifier from the database is then compared tothe scanned (or manually entered) patient identifier at block 5810. Ifthe two patient identifiers do not match, the first central server 109causes the digital assistant 118 to display an invalid patientnotification at block 5812. For example, the digital assistant 118 maydisplay a message that the scanned patient 112 is not associated withthe scanned channel and indicate the actual patient 112 assigned to thescanned channel. Again, the PDA display may include buttons allowing theuser to rescan the channel identifier or cancel out of the operation. Ifthe user chooses to cancel the operation, the first central server 109preferably sends a cancel code to the second central server 108 a viathe cancellation URL at block 5808.

Once a valid channel-patient relationship is established, the firstcentral server 109 uses the channel identifier and the patientidentifier to look up a medication identifier in the database (or twomedication identifiers if a primary medication 124 and a piggybackmedication 124 are both associated with this channel). The medicationidentifier(s) from the database are then compared to the scanned (ormanually entered) medication identifier at block 5814. If one of themedication identifier(s) from the database does not match the scanned(or manually entered) medication identifier, the first central server109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display an invalid medicationnotification at block 5816. For example, the digital assistant 118 maydisplay a message that the scanned medication 124 is not associated withthe scanned channel and indicate the actual medication 124 assigned tothe scanned channel (both primary and piggyback if applicable). Again,the PDA display may include buttons allowing the user to rescan thechannel identifier or cancel out of the operation. If the user choosesto cancel the operation, the first central server 109 preferably sends acancel code to the second central server 108 a via the cancellation URLat block 5808.

If a valid channel-patient-medication relationship is established, thefirst central server 109 indicates a valid channel scan occurred andreturns control to the current action (e.g., administer, stop,discontinue, resume, channel change, remove pump, etc.) without issuingadditional displays to the digital assistant 118 at block 5818.

Channel Scanning Process (New Channel)

FIG. 59 illustrates an example of the channel scanning process 5734 usedabove with reference to FIG. 57. Generally, the channel scanning process5734 prompts the user to scan a machine-readable identifier associatedwith a pump channel and determines if the scanned channel is available(e.g., assigned to the current patient 112, but not in use). If thescanned channel is not available, the current action (e.g., channelchange) is cancelled.

More specifically, the example channel scanning process 5734 begins whenthe first central server 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to displaya screen prompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifierassociated with the channel at block 5902. An example of a digitalassistant display 118 a prompting the user to scan a machine-readableidentifier associated with the channel is illustrated in FIG. 38. Forexample, the user may use the scanner of the digital assistant 118 toscan a barcode label associated with the channel.

Alternatively, the user may manually enter the channel identifier intothe digital assistant 118. The channel identifier is then sent to thefirst central server 109 for verification at block 5904. The firstcentral server 109 then attempts to lookup the channel identifier in thedatabase.

If the channel identifier does not exist as a valid channel identifierin the database (e.g., not properly formatted, not configured in thefirst central server 109, etc.), the first central server 109 causes thedigital assistant 118 to display an invalid channel notification atblock 5906. For example, the digital assistant 118 may display a messagethat the channel is not configured in the first central server 109 andinclude buttons allowing the user to rescan the channel identifier orcancel out of the operation. If the user chooses to cancel theoperation, the first central server 109 preferably sends a cancel codeto the second central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block5908.

Once a valid channel identifier is obtained, the first central server109 uses the channel identifier to look up a patient identifier in thedatabase. The first central server 109 then compares the patientidentifier from the database to the scanned (or manually entered)patient identifier at block 5910. If a valid patient identifier ispresent in the database, but the two patient identifiers do not match(i.e., the channel is assigned to a different patient 112), the firstcentral server 109 checks the database to see if the channel is running(in either primary and/or piggyback mode) at block 5912.

If the channel is running, the first central server 109 causes thedigital assistant 118 to display a “cannot overwrite” error messageindicating that a different patient 112 is associated with the scannedchannel and that the channel is currently running at block 5914. Theerror message may also include data indicative of the patient 112 thatis associated with the scanned channel (e.g., patient's name), theprimary medication 124, and/or the piggyback medication 124. Preferably,the user is given the option to cancel or rescan. If the user chooses tocancel the operation, the first central server 109 sends a cancel codeto the second central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block5908. If the user chooses to rescan, the first central server 109 causesthe digital assistant 118 to display the screen prompting the user toscan a machine-readable identifier associated with the channel at block5902.

If the channel is not running, the first central server 109 causes thedigital assistant 118 to display a “continue overwrite” warning messageindicating that a different patient 112 is associated with the scannedchannel, but the channel is not currently running at block 5916.

Preferably, the warning message indicates that continuing will overwriteexisting data (e.g., remove the association with the other patient 112).The warning message may also include data indicative of the patient 112that is associated with the scanned channel (e.g., patient's name), theprimary medication 124, and/or the piggyback medication 124. Preferably,the user is given the option to cancel, rescan, or continue. If the userchooses to cancel the operation, the first central server 109 sends acancel code to the second central server 108 a via the cancellation URLat block 5908. If the user chooses to rescan, the first central server109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display the screen prompting theuser to scan a machine-readable identifier associated with the channelat block 5902. If the user chooses to continue, the first central server109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display a message indicatingthat it is okay to use the selected channel at block 5918. When the userpresses “continue” the first central server 109 returns control to thecurrent action (e.g., administer, channel change, etc.) without issuingadditional displays to the digital assistant 118.

If a valid patient identifier is present in the database, and the twopatient identifiers do match (i.e., the channel is assigned to thispatient 112) at block 5920, the first central server 109 checks thedatabase to see if the channel is empty (e.g., no primary or piggybackinfusion associated with this channel) at block 5922. If the channel isempty, the first central server 109 causes the digital assistant 118 todisplay the message indicating that it is okay to use the selectedchannel at block 5918. If the channel is not empty, the first centralserver 109 checks the database to see if the channel is running (ineither primary and/or piggyback mode) at block 5924.

If the channel is running, the first central server 109 causes thedigital assistant 118 to display a “cannot overwrite” error messageindicating that this patient 112 is already associated with the scannedchannel and that the channel is currently running at block 5926. Theerror message may also include data indicative of the patient 112 (e.g.,patient's name), the primary medication 124, and/or the piggybackmedication 124. Preferably, the user is given the option to cancel orrescan. If the user chooses to cancel the operation, the first centralserver 109 sends a cancel code to the second central server 108 a viathe cancellation URL at block 5908.

If the user chooses to rescan, the first central server 109 causes thedigital assistant 118 to display the screen prompting the user to scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the channel at block 5902.

If the channel is not running, the first central server 109 causes thedigital assistant 118 to display a “continue” message indicating thatthis patient 112 is associated with the scanned channel, but the channelis not currently running at block 5928. The message may also includedata indicative of the patient 112 (e.g., patient's name), the primarymedication 124, and/or the piggyback medication 124. Preferably, theuser is given the option to cancel, rescan, or continue. If the userchooses to cancel the operation, the first central server 109 sends acancel code to the second central server 108 a via the cancellation URLat block 5908. If the user chooses to rescan, the first central server109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display the screen prompting theuser to scan a machine-readable identifier associated with the channelat block 5902. If the user chooses to continue, the first central server109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display a message indicatingthat it is okay to use the selected channel at block 5918. When the userpresses continue again, the first central server 109 returns control tothe current action (e.g., channel change) without issuing additionaldisplays to the digital assistant 118.

Stop/Discontinue Infusion Process

FIG. 60 illustrates an example of a stop/discontinue infusion process6000. The stop/discontinue infusion process 6000 may be used totemporarily stop (i.e., pause) an infusion process or completelydiscontinue (i.e., end) an infusion process. In general, thestop/discontinue infusion process 6000 receives inputs from anelectronic device, such as a digital assistant 118, which includesinformation regarding whether a stop or a discontinue is to beperformed, information identifying which patient 112 is to be affected(e.g., patient ID), and information identifying which medication 124 forthat patient 112 is to be stopped or discontinued (e.g., Rx ID). Theprocess 6000 then sends this information to the first central server109, which confirms that channel identification information matches thestop/discontinue order information and confirms that the correctinfusion is stopped or discontinued.

More specifically, the example stop/discontinue infusion process 6000begins when the second central server 108 a causes the digital assistant118 to display a list of patients at block 6002. An example of a digitalassistant display 118 a showing a list of patients is illustrated inFIG. 24. The list of patients is preferably limited to patientsassociated with the user (e.g., a clinician 116) who is logged into thatdigital assistant 118 at the time. Once the user selects a patient 112,information identifying the selection and/or the patient 112 istransmitted from the digital assistant 118 back to the second centralserver 108 a. Communication between the digital assistant 118 and thesecond central server 108 a may be via any suitable communicationchannel such as the wireless/wired network 102 described above. Thesecond central server 108 a then causes the digital assistant 118 todisplay a list of actions at block 6004. An example of a digitalassistant display 118 a showing a list of actions is illustrated in FIG.25. The list of actions is preferably limited to actions associated withthe selected patient 112. For example, a “stop infusion” action and a“discontinue infusion” action would only be available if an infusionassociated with this patient 112 was currently in a running state.

When the user selects the “stop infusion” action or the “discontinueinfusion” action from the list of actions, information identifying theaction selected is sent to the second central server 108 a. In response,the second central server 108 a causes the digital assistant 118 todisplay a screen listing all running infusions for that patient 112 andprompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifier associated withthe medication 124 to be stopped or discontinued at block 6006. Anexample of a digital assistant display 118 a prompting the user to scana machine-readable identifier associated with the medication 124 isillustrated in FIG. 34.

The user may use the scanner of the digital assistant 118 to scan themedication label 124 a on a bag of medication 124 (e.g., a barcode on aninfusion bag). Alternatively, the user may manually enter the medicationidentifier into the digital assistant 118.

The medication identifier is then sent to the second central server 108a for verification at block 6008. The second central server 108 aattempts to lookup the medication identifier in the database. If themedication identifier (e.g., bag ID) does not exist as a validmedication identifier in the database, the second central server 108 acauses the digital assistant 118 to display an invalid item notificationat block 6010. Once the user acknowledges the invalid item notification(or the notification times out), the digital assistant 118 re-displaysthe screen prompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifierassociated with the medication 124 to be stopped or discontinued atblock 6006.

If the medication identifier (e.g., bag ID) does exist as a validmedication identifier in the database at block 6008, the second centralserver 108 a causes the digital assistant 118 to display a screenprompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifier associated withthe patient 112 at block 6012. An example of a digital assistant display118 a prompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifierassociated with the patient 112 is illustrated in FIG. 36.

The user may use the scanner of the digital assistant 118 to scan abarcode label on a patient wristband 112 a. Alternatively, the user maymanually enter the patient identifier into the digital assistant 118.The patient identifier is then sent to the second central server 108 afor verification at block 6014. The second central server 108 a thenattempts to lookup the patient identifier in the database. If thepatient identifier (e.g., wristband ID) does not exist as a validpatient identifier in the database, the second central server 108 acauses the digital assistant 118 to display an invalid patientnotification at block 6016. Once the user acknowledges the invalidpatient notification (or the notification times out), the digitalassistant 118 re-displays the screen prompting the user to scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the patient 112 at block6012.

If the patient identifier (e.g., wristband ID) does exist as a validpatient identifier in the database at block 6014, the second centralserver 108 a may also prompt the user for a code indicative of thereason for the “stop infusion” action or the “discontinue infusion”action. If this reason code is not supplied, the system preferablydisplays a message to the user that a reason code must be supplied. Inaddition, the second central server 108 a may timestamp the order and/orprompt the user for a time when the action is to occur. Still further,the second central server 108 a preferably checks the status of theinfusion order to determine if the infusion order is active ordiscontinued.

If the infusion order is active, the second central server 108 adetermines if the user is attempting to issue a “stop infusion” actionor a “discontinue infusion” action based on the user selection fromblock 6004 at block 6018. If the user is attempting to issue a “stopinfusion” action, the second central server 108 a sets a “DCFlag” in a“stop infusion” XML document to “FALSE” at block 6020. If the user isattempting to issue a “discontinue infusion” action, the second centralserver 108 a sets the “DCFlag” in the “stop infusion” XML document to“TRUE” at block 6022. Of course, any well-known method of indicating thestate of a variable may be used.

The “stop infusion” XML document, including the patient identifier(e.g., wristband ID), the medication identifier (e.g., bag ID), acompletion URL, a cancellation URL, and the DCFlag (indicating stop vs.discontinue) are then transmitted to the first central server 109.

The completion URL is a network address used if the infusion issuccessfully stopped or discontinued. The cancellation URL is a networkaddress used if the “stop infusion” action or the “discontinue infusion”action fails or is cancelled.

Once the first central server 109 receives the “stop infusion” XMLdocument, the first central server 109 determines if the “stop infusion”XML document is valid at block 6024. For example, the first centralserver 109 may check if any data normally expected in a “stop infusion”XML document is missing from the received “stop infusion” XML document.If the first central server 109 determines that the “stop infusion” XMLdocument is not valid, the first central server 109 causes the digitalassistant 118 to display an error message indicating to the user thatthe “stop infusion” action or the “discontinue infusion” action couldnot be executed at block 6026. This display may include a reason such aswhich data was missing from the “stop infusion” XML document. After theuser presses an “OK” button to acknowledge the error message, the firstcentral server 109 returns a failure code to the second central server108 a via the cancellation URL at block 6028.

If the first central server 109 determines that the “stop infusion” XMLdocument is valid, the first central server 109 initiates a channelscanning process 5730. Generally, the channel scanning process 5730prompts the user to scan a machine-readable identifier associated withthe pump channel currently running the infusion to be stopped ordiscontinued and determines if the scanned channel is associated withthe patient identifier and the medication identifier (as described indetail above with reference to FIG. 58. If the scanned channel is notassociated with the patient identifier and the medication identifier,the “stop infusion” action or the “discontinue infusion” action iscancelled. In such an event, the first central server 109 returns acancel code to the second central server 108 a via the cancellation URLat block 6028.

If the scanned channel is associated with the patient identifier and themedication identifier (i.e., the channel is valid), the first centralserver 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display a messageindicating the patient 112 and infusion to be stopped including thedetails of the medication 124 to be stopped and the channel themedication 124 is on at block 6032.

Preferably, the PDA display also includes a “Continue” button and a“Cancel” button. In this manner, the user may manually stop theindicated infusion and then press the “Continue” button to inform thefirst central server 109 to check if the correct infusion was actuallystopped or discontinued. Alternatively, the user may press the “Cancel”button, at which point the first central server 109 returns a cancelcode to the second central server 108 a via the cancellation URL atblock 6028.

If the user presses the “Continue” button, the first central server 109determines if the infusion was stopped by reading status informationsent to the first central server 109 by the pump 120 at block 6034. Ifthe pump 120 is unable to communicate with the first central server 109,the first central server 109 generates a loss of communication event forthat channel. If communication with a channel is lost, the status of theinfusion on that channel cannot be changed to “stopped” or“discontinued” until communication with that channel is restored. Ifcommunication is working properly, but the infusion was not stopped, thefirst central server 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display awarning message indicating that the infusion was not stopped andindicating the patient 112 and infusion to be stopped at block 6036.

Preferably, the display also includes an “OK” button and a “Cancel”button. If the user presses the “OK” button, the first central server109 checks again to see if the correct infusion was actually stopped ordiscontinued at block 6034. If the user presses the “Cancel” button, thefirst central server 109 returns a cancel code to the second centralserver 108 a via the cancellation URL at block 6028.

If the infusion is stopped at block 6034, the first central server 109checks if this is a “stop infusion” action or a “discontinue infusion”action. For example, the first central server 109 may check the state ofa flag such as the DCFlag set by block 6020 or block 6022. If this is a“stop infusion” action (i.e., pause infusion), the first central server109 returns a success code and DCFlag=FALSE to the second central server108 a via the completion URL at block 6044.

If instead this is a “discontinue infusion” action (i.e., end infusion),the first central server 109 preferably attempts to remove the databaseassociation between the patient identifier, the medication identifier,and the channel identifier for either the primary infusion or thepiggyback infusion, but preferably not both at block 6040. If the userwants to stop or discontinue both a primary infusion and a piggybackinfusion running on a channel, the user may execute the “stop infusion”action or the “discontinue infusion” action twice, once for eachinfusion. If the first central server 109 is not successful in removingthe database association at block 6042, the first central server 109returns a failure code to the second central server 108 a via thecancellation URL at block 6028. If the first central server 109 issuccessful in removing the database association at block 6042, the firstcentral server 109 returns a success code and DCFlag=TRUE to the secondcentral server 108 a via the completion URL at block 6044.

The first central server 109 removes the association between the patientidentifier, the medication identifier, and the channel identifier forthe selected infusion only if a “discontinue infusion” action issuccessful. Otherwise, the association is maintained. For example, if a“stop infusion” action is successful or a “discontinue infusion” actionfails, the association between the patient identifier, the medicationidentifier, and the channel identifier is maintained. Similarly, thesecond central server 108 a only updates the status of the infusion to“stopped” or “discontinued” upon receiving a success code from the firstcentral server 109.

Any other result (e.g., cancel code or failure code) causes the secondcentral server 108 a to keep the infusion in its previous state.Preferably, at any point in the process 6000 the user has the option tocancel out of the process 6000. The Stop/Discontinue process may beutilized to document that the infusion was restarted for purposes of theMAR.

Resume Infusion Process

FIG. 61 illustrates an example of a resume infusion process 6100. Theresume infusion process 6100 may be used to restart a stopped (i.e.,paused) infusion process. However, the resume infusion process 6100 maynot be used to restart a discontinued (i.e., ended) infusion process. Ingeneral, the resume infusion process 6100 receives inputs from anelectronic device, such as a digital assistant 118, which includesinformation indicating a resume process is to be performed, informationidentifying which patient 112 is to be affected (e.g., patient ID), andinformation identifying which medication 124 for that patient 112 is tobe resumed (e.g., Rx ID). The process 6100 then sends this informationto the first central server 109, which confirms that channelidentification information matches the resume order information andconfirms that the correct infusion is resumed.

More specifically, the example resume infusion process 6100 begins whenthe second central server 108 a causes the digital assistant 118 todisplay a list of patients at block 6102. An example of a digitalassistant display 118 a showing a list of patients is illustrated inFIG. 24. The list of patients is preferably limited to patientsassociated with the user (e.g., a clinician 116) who is logged into thatdigital assistant 118 at the time. Once the user selects a patient 112,information identifying the selection and/or the patient 112 istransmitted from the digital assistant 118 back to the second centralserver 108 a. Communication between the digital assistant 118 and thesecond central server 108 a may be via any suitable communicationchannel such as the wireless/wired network 102 described above. Thesecond central server 108 a then causes the digital assistant 118 todisplay a list of actions at block 6104. An example of a digitalassistant display 118 a showing a list of actions is illustrated in FIG.25. The list of actions is preferably limited to actions associated withthe selected patient 112. For example, a “resume infusion” action wouldonly be available if an infusion associated with this patient 112 wascurrently in a stopped state.

When the user selects the “resume infusion” action from the list ofactions, information identifying the action selected is sent to thesecond central server 108 a. In response, the second central server 108a causes the digital assistant 118 to display a screen prompting theuser to scan a machine-readable identifier associated with themedication 124 to be resumed at block 6106. An example of a digitalassistant display 118 a prompting the user to scan a machine-readableidentifier associated with the medication 124 is illustrated in FIG. 34.The user may use the scanner of the digital assistant 118 to scan themedication label 124 a on a bag of medication 124 (e.g., a barcode on aninfusion bag). Alternatively, the user may manually enter the medicationidentifier into the digital assistant 118.

The medication identifier is then sent to the second central server 108a for verification at block 6108. The second central server 108 aattempts to lookup the medication identifier in the database. If themedication identifier (e.g., bag ID) does not exist as a validmedication identifier in the database, the second central server 108 acauses the digital assistant 118 to display an invalid item notificationat block 6110. Once the user acknowledges the invalid item notification(or the notification times out), the digital assistant 118 re-displaysthe screen prompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifierassociated with the medication 124 to be resumed at block 6106. If theuser scans a machine-readable identifier associated with a medication124 to be resumed, but the medication 124 has been discontinued, thesecond central server 108 a preferably causes the digital assistant 118to display a message to the user indicating that the medication 124cannot be resumed due to its discontinued state.

If the medication identifier (e.g., bag ID) does exist as a validmedication identifier in the database at block 6108, and has not beendiscontinued, the second central server 108 a causes the digitalassistant 118 to display a screen prompting the user to scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the patient 112 at block6112. An example of a digital assistant display 118 a prompting the userto scan a machine-readable identifier associated with the patient 112 isillustrated in FIG. 36. The user may use the scanner of the digitalassistant 118 to scan a barcode label on a patient wristband 112 a.Alternatively, the user may manually enter the patient identifier intothe digital assistant 118. The patient identifier is then sent to thesecond central server 108 a for verification at block 6114. The secondcentral server 108 a then attempts to lookup the patient identifier inthe database. If the patient identifier (e.g., wristband ID) does notexist as a valid patient identifier in the database, the second centralserver 108 a causes the digital assistant 118 to display an invalidpatient notification at block 6116. Once the user acknowledges theinvalid patient notification (or the notification times out), thedigital assistant 118 re-displays the screen prompting the user to scana machine readable identifier associated with the patient 112 at block6112.

If the patient identifier (e.g., wristband ID) does exist as a validpatient identifier in the database at block 6114, the second centralserver 108 a may also prompt the user for a code indicative of thereason for the “resume infusion” action. If this reason code is notsupplied, the system preferably displays a message to the user that areason code must be supplied. In addition, the second central server 108a may timestamp the order and/or prompt the user for a time when theaction is to occur. Still further, the second central server 108 apreferably checks the status of the infusion order to determine if theinfusion order is active or discontinued.

If the infusion order is active, the second central server 108 atransmits a “resume infusion” XML document to the first central server109. The “resume infusion” XML document includes the patient identifier(e.g., wristband ID), the medication identifier (e.g., bag ID), acompletion URL, and a cancellation URL. The completion URL is a networkaddress used if the infusion is successfully resumed. The cancellationURL is a network address used if the “resume infusion” action fails oris cancelled.

Once the first central server 109 receives the “resume infusion” XMLdocument, the first central server 109 determines if the “resumeinfusion” XML document is valid at block 6124. For example, the firstcentral server 109 may check if any data normally expected in a “resumeinfusion” XML document is missing from the received “resume infusion”XML document. If the first central server 109 determines that the“resume infusion” XML document is not valid, the first central server109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display an error messageindicating to the user that the “resume infusion” action could not beexecuted at block 6126. This display may include a reason such as whichdata was missing from the “resume infusion” XML document. After the userpresses an “OK” button to acknowledge the error message, the firstcentral server 109 returns a failure code to the second central server108 a via the cancellation URL at block 6128.

If the first central server 109 determines that the “resume infusion”XML document is valid, the first central server 109 initiates thechannel scanning process 5730. Generally, the channel scanning process5730 prompts the user to scan a machine-readable identifier associatedwith the pump channel currently associated with the infusion to beresumed and determines if the scanned channel is associated with thepatient identifier and the medication identifier (as described in detailabove with reference to FIG. 58). If the scanned channel is notassociated with the patient identifier and the medication identifier,the “resume infusion” action is cancelled. In such an event, the firstcentral server 109 returns a cancel code to the second central server108 a via the cancellation URL at block 6128.

If the scanned channel is associated with the patient identifier and themedication identifier (i.e., the channel is valid), the first centralserver 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display a messageindicating the patient 112 and infusion to be resumed at block 6132.Preferably, the PDA display also includes a “Continue” button and a“Cancel” button. In this manner, the user may manually resume theindicated infusion and then press the “Continue” button to inform thefirst central server 109 to check if the correct infusion was actuallyresumed. Alternatively, the user may press the “Cancel” button, at whichpoint the first central server 109 returns a cancel code to the secondcentral server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block 6128.

If the user presses the “Continue” button, the first central server 109determines if the infusion was resumed by reading status informationsent to the first central server 109 by the pump 120 at block 6134. Ifthe pump 120 is unable to communicate with the first central server 109,the first central server 109 generates a loss of communication event forthat channel. If communication with a channel is lost, the status of theinfusion on that channel cannot be changed to “resumed” untilcommunication with that channel is restored. If communication is workingproperly, but the infusion was not resumed, the first central server 109causes the digital assistant 118 to display a warning message indicatingthat the infusion was not resumed and indicating the patient 112 andinfusion to be resumed at block 6136. Preferably, the display alsoincludes an “OK” button and a “Cancel” button. If the user presses the“OK” button, the first central server 109 checks again to see if thecorrect infusion was actually resumed at block 6134. If the user pressesthe “Cancel” button, the first central server 109 returns a cancel codeto the second central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block6128.

If the infusion is resumed at block 6134, the first central server 109returns a success code to the second central server 108 a via thecompletion URL at block 6144. The first central server 109 maintains theassociation between the patient identifier, the medication identifier,and the channel identifier for the selected infusion. The second centralserver 108 a only updates the status of the infusion to “running” uponreceiving a success code from the first central server 109. Any otherresult (e.g., cancel code or failure code) causes the second centralserver 108 a to keep the infusion in its previous state. Preferably, ifthe user wants to resume both a primary infusion and a piggybackinfusion running on a channel, the user may execute the “resumeinfusion” action twice, once for each infusion. The Resume process maybe utilized to document that the infusion was restarted for purposes ofthe MAR.

Remove Pump Process

FIG. 62 illustrates an example of a remove pump process 6200. The removepump process 6200 may be used to terminate a channel-patient-medicationrelationship in the first central server 109 database independent of adiscontinue infusion order existing in the pharmacy database and withoutgoing through the stop/discontinue infusion process 6000 describe above.In general, the remove pump process 6200 receives inputs from anelectronic device, such as a digital assistant 118, which includesinformation indicating a remove pump process is to be performed,information identifying which patient 112 is to be affected (e.g.,patient ID), and information identifying which medication 124 for thatpatient 112 is to be affected (e.g., Rx ID). The process 6200 then sendsthis information to the first central server 109, which confirms thatchannel identification information matches the remove pump orderinformation and confirms that the correct pump 120 is removed.

More specifically, the example remove pump process 6200 begins when thesecond central server 108 a causes the digital assistant 118 to displaya list of patients for selection at block 6202. An example of a digitalassistant display 118 a showing a list of patients is illustrated inFIG. 24. The list of patients is preferably limited to patientsassociated with the user (e.g., a clinician 116) who is logged into thatdigital assistant 118 at the time. Once the user selects a patient 112,information identifying the selection and/or the patient 112 istransmitted from the digital assistant 118 back to the second centralserver 108 a.

Communication between the digital assistant 118 and the second centralserver 108 a may be via any suitable communication channel such as thewireless/wired network 102 described above.

The second central server 108 a then causes the digital assistant 118 todisplay a list of actions at block 6204. An example of a digitalassistant display 118 a showing a list of actions is illustrated in FIG.25. The list of actions is preferably limited to actions associated withthe selected patient 112. For example, a “remove pump” action would onlybe available if an infusion associated with this patient 112 wascurrently listed in the first central server 109 database.

When the user selects the “remove pump” action from the list of actions,information identifying the action selected is sent to the secondcentral server 108 a. In response, the second central server 108 acauses the digital assistant 118 to display a screen prompting the userto scan a machine-readable identifier associated with the medication 124to be affected by this “remove pump” action at block 6206. An example ofa digital assistant display 118 a prompting the user to scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the medication 124 isillustrated in FIG. 34. The user may use the scanner of the digitalassistant 118 to scan the medication label 124 a on a bag of medication124 (e.g., a barcode on an infusion bag). Alternatively, the user maymanually enter the medication identifier into the digital assistant 118.

The medication identifier is then sent to the second central server 108a for verification at block 6208. The second central server 108 a (orthe digital assistant 118) checks if a properly formatted medicationidentifier was received. Preferably, the second central server 108 adoes not need to check if the medication identifier matches a currentinfusion in the second central server 108 a database, because thepurpose of the “remove pump” action is to remove associations from thefirst central server 109 database that have no corresponding infusionsin the second central server 108 a database.

If the medication identifier (e.g., bag ID) is not properly formatted,the second central server 108 a causes the digital assistant 118 todisplay an invalid item notification at block 6210.

Once the user acknowledges the invalid item notification (or thenotification times out), the digital assistant 118 re-displays thescreen prompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifierassociated with the medication 124 to be resumed at block 6206. If themedication identifier (e.g., bag ID) is properly formatted at block6208, the second central server 108 a causes the digital assistant 118to display a screen prompting the user to scan a machine-readableidentifier associated with the patient 112 at block 6212. An example ofa digital assistant display 118 a prompting the user to scan amachine-readable identifier associated with the patient 112 isillustrated in FIG. 36. The user may use the scanner of the digitalassistant 118 to scan a barcode label on a patient wristband 112 a.

Alternatively, the user may manually enter the patient identifier intothe digital assistant 118. The patient identifier is then sent to thesecond central server 108 a for verification at block 6214. The secondcentral server 108 a (or the digital assistant 118) then checks if aproperly formatted patient identifier was received. Preferably, thesecond central server 108 a does not need to check if the patientidentifier matches a current infusion in the second central server 108 adatabase, because the purpose of the “remove pump” action is to removeassociations from the first central server 109 database that have nocorresponding infusions in the second central server 108 a database.However, the second central server 108 a (or the digital assistant 118)may check if the patient identifier matches the patient 112 selected inblock 6202.

If the patient identifier (e.g., wristband ID) is not properlyformatted, or the patient identifier does not match the patient 112selected in block 6202, the second central server 108 a causes thedigital assistant 118 to display an invalid patient notification atblock 6216. Once the user acknowledges the invalid patient notification(or the notification times out), the digital assistant 118 re-displaysthe screen prompting the user to scan a machine-readable identifierassociated with the patient 112 at block 6212.

If the patient identifier (e.g., wristband ID) is properly formatted andmatches the patient 112 selected in block 6202 at block 6214, the secondcentral server 108 a transmits a “stop alarm routing” XML document tothe first central server 109 at block 6217. The “stop alarm routing” XMLdocument includes the patient identifier (e.g., wristband ID), themedication identifier (e.g., bag ID), a completion URL, and acancellation URL. The completion URL is a network address used if thepump 120 is successfully removed. The cancellation URL is a networkaddress used if the “remove pump” action fails or is cancelled.

Once the first central server 109 receives the “stop alarm routing” XMLdocument, the first central server 109 determines if the “stop alarmrouting” XML document is valid at block 6224. For example, the firstcentral server 109 may check if any data normally expected in a “stopalarm routing” XML document is missing from the received “stop alarmrouting” XML document. If the first central server 109 determines thatthe “stop alarm routing” XML document is not valid, the first centralserver 109 causes the digital assistant 118 to display an error messageindicating to the user that the “stop alarm routing” action could not beexecuted at block 6226. This display may include a reason such as whichdata was missing from the “stop alarm routing” XML document. After theuser presses an “OK” button to acknowledge the error message, the firstcentral server 109 returns a failure code to the second central server108 a via the cancellation URL at block 6228.

If the first central server 109 determines that the “stop alarm routing”XML document is valid, the first central server 109 initiates thechannel scanning process 5730. Generally, the channel scanning process5730 prompts the user to scan a machine-readable identifier associatedwith the pump channel currently associated with the pump 120 to beremoved and determines if the scanned channel is associated with thepatient identifier and the medication identifier (as described in detailabove with reference to FIG. 58. If the scanned channel is notassociated with the patient identifier and the medication identifier,the “remove pump” action is cancelled. In such an event, the firstcentral server 109 returns a cancel code to the second central server108 a via the cancellation URL at block 6228. If the scanned channel isassociated with the patient identifier and the medication identifier(i.e., the channel is valid), the first central server 109 causes thedigital assistant 118 to display a message indicating the patient 112and infusion associated with this action at block 6232. Preferably, thePDA display also includes a “Continue” button and a “Cancel” button. Inthis manner, the user may manually stop the indicated infusion and thenpress the “Continue” button to inform the first central server 109 tocheck if the correct infusion was actually stopped. Alternatively, theuser may press the “Cancel” button, at which point the first centralserver 109 returns a cancel code to the second central server 108 a viathe cancellation URL at block 6228.

If the user presses the “Continue” button, the first central server 109determines if the infusion was stopped by reading status informationsent to the first central server 109 by the pump 120 at block 6234. Ifthe infusion was not stopped, the first central server 109 causes thedigital assistant 118 to display a warning message indicating that theinfusion was not stopped at block 6236. Preferably, the display alsoincludes an “Continue” button and a “Cancel” button. If the user pressesthe “Cancel” button, the first central server 109 returns a cancel codeto the second central server 108 a via the cancellation URL at block6228.

If the user presses the “Continue” button, the first central server 109attempts to remove the database association between the patientidentifier, the medication identifier, and the channel identifier foreither the primary infusion or the piggyback infusion, but preferablynot both at block 6240. If the user wants to stop alarm routingassociated with both a primary infusion and a piggyback infusion runningon a channel, the user may execute the “remove pump” action twice, oncefor each infusion. If the first central server 109 is not successful inremoving the database association at block 6242, the first centralserver 109 returns a failure code to the second central server 108 a viathe cancellation URL at block 6228. If the first central server 109 issuccessful in removing the database association at block 6242, the firstcentral server 109 returns a success code to the second central server108 a via the completion URL at block 6244.

The first central server 109 removes the association between the patientidentifier, the medication identifier, and the channel identifier forthe selected infusion only if a “remove pump” action is successful.Otherwise, the association is maintained. The second central server 108a need not update the status of the “removed” infusion upon receiving asuccess code from the first central server 109.

Secure Communication Process

As described above, the system may include a plurality of digitalassistants 118 and a plurality of medical devices (e.g., infusion pumps120) communicating over a wired or wireless network. Because some of thedata being transmitted is confidential medical data, the data ispreferably encrypted and only communicated in the clear to authorizedusers and devices. In order to setup a new digital assistant 118 ormedical device 120, a commissioning phase of the authentication processmay be performed. Each time a commissioned device is powered up, anauthentication process is preferably performed in order to verifycommunication is occurring with an authorized device and/or user. Once adevice and/or user is authenticated, secure one way and/or two-waycommunication may occur in order to pass parameters, instructions, data,alarms, status information, and any other type of information betweendigital assistants, medical devices, and/or servers.

Referring to FIG. 63, a digital assistant commissioning phase (i.e.,server registration phase) of a secure communication process 6300 beginsat block 6302 when the first central server 109 creates a digitalassistant user account. For example, the digital assistant user accountmay be established using Microsoft Active Directory in a well-knownmanner. The first central server 109 then generates a digitalcertificate for the digital assistant 118 at block 6304. The digitalcertificate may be generated in any manner. For example, the digitalcertificate may be generated at the first central server 109 usingMicrosoft Digital Certificate Services in a well-known manner. Thedigital certificate preferably includes the digital assistant's publickey digitally signed using the first central server's private key. Inother words, the first central server 109 is acting as the certificationauthority (CA) for the digital assistant's digital certificate. Once thedigital certificate is generated, the first central server 109 maps thedigital certificate to the user account at block 6306.

The digital assistant's digital certificate and the digital assistant'sprivate key are then sent by the first central server 109 at block 6308to the digital assistant 118 at block 6310.

Preferably, the digital assistant's digital certificate and the digitalassistant's private key are sent to the digital assistant 118 via asecure connection. For example, an RS-232 cable that is not connected toany other devices may be used. In addition, the first central server'sdigital certificate is sent by the first central server 109 at block6312 to the digital assistant 118 at block 6314. Again, the firstcentral server's digital certificate is preferably sent to the digitalassistant 118 via a secure connection such as an RS-232 cable that isnot connected to any other devices. At this point, the digital assistant118 is commissioned (i.e., registered with the server).

Of course, any method of communicating with the digital assistant 118may be used. In one example, the digital assistant's private key may bestored in a memory associated with the digital assistant 118 (e.g., anEPROM) at the time the digital assistant 118 is manufactured. Inaddition, each digital assistant 118 may have the same private key, withdifferent identification codes used to distinguish one digital assistant118 from another.

Each time a commissioned digital assistant 118 is turned on, the digitalassistant 118 and the first central server 109 must perform anauthentication process in order to move from an unsecured wirelessconnection to a secured wireless connection. In the example illustrated,the digital assistant 118 establishes an unsecured 802.11 (wirelessEthernet) connection with the first central server 109 at block 6316 andblock 6318. Of course, any type of connection may be used, such as awired connection or a connection using another protocol.

Turning to FIG. 64, at block 6402 the digital assistant 118 sends arequest to the first central server 109 to establish a secureconnection. The first central server 109 receives the digitalassistant's request to establish a secure connection at block 6404. Thefirst central server 109 responds to the request to establish a secureconnection at block 6406 by sending a copy of the first central server'sdigital certificate to the digital assistant 118 over the unsecuredconnection. The digital assistant 118 receives the first centralserver's digital certificate at block 6408.

The digital assistant 118 uses the first central server's digitalcertificate to authenticate the first central server 109 at block 6410.In addition, at block 6412 the digital assistant 118 uses the firstcentral server's digital certificate to retrieve an embedded uniformresource locator (URL) associated with the first central server 109. Thedigital assistant 118 can now request data and services from theretrieved URL knowing it is talking to the real first central server109.

Next, at block 6414 the first central server 109 sends a request to thedigital assistant 118 to establish the other half of the secureconnection. The digital assistant 118 receives the first centralserver's request at block 6416. The digital assistant 118 responds tothe request to establish a secure connection at block 6418 by sending acopy of the digital assistant's digital certificate to the first centralserver 109. The first central server 109 receives the digitalassistant's digital certificate at block 6420.

The first central server 109 uses the digital assistant's digitalcertificate to authenticate the digital assistant 118 at block 6422. Thefirst central server 109 can now communicate with the digital assistant118 knowing it is talking to a commissioned digital assistant 118. Inaddition, turning to FIG. 65, the first central server 109 establisheswhat files this digital assistant is authorized to access by mapping asession for the digital assistant user account to an active directory atblock 6502.

Now that the digital assistant 118 is communicating with the firstcentral server 109 over a secure connection, and the digital assistant118 is cleared to access certain files on the first central server 109,at block 6504 the digital assistant 118 may establish a securecommunication session with the first central server 109 by accessing theURL retrieved from the first central server's digital certificate. Thefirst central server 109 also establishes the secure communicationsession at block 6506. In addition, an application on the first centralserver 109 verifies the digital assistant 118 belongs to the appropriateactive directory at block 6508.

Although the digital assistant 118 may now be authenticated, the firstcentral server 109 still does not know the identity of the user usingthe digital assistant 118. This is important because some users may havedifferent access rights than other users, and certain alarms and otherdata are only sent to specific users. Accordingly, an application on thefirst central server 109 may request a user name and password from theuser of the digital assistant 118 at block 6510. Once the digitalassistant 118 receives the request for a user name and password at block6512, the digital assistant 118 retrieves a user name and password fromthe user via a prompt on the digital assistant display 118 a at block6514. The user name and password are then sent by the digital assistant118 at block 6516 and received by the first central server 109 at block6518. The application on the first central server 109 may thenauthenticate the user at block 6520.

Once the user is authenticated on one server (e.g., the first centralserver 109), the authentication credentials may be used to automaticallyauthenticate the digital assistant 118 on another server (e.g., secondcentral server 108 a). In one example, a user may only be authenticatedif the user is authenticated on both the first central server 109 andthe second central server 108 a. Accordingly, the user name and passwordare preferably synchronized between the first central server 109 and thesecond central server 108 a whenever a user name or password is createdor modified.

After authenticating the user, the first central server 109 preferablyreturns a token that will be unique to the session between the user andthe first central server 109. This session token is passed with eachrequest (e.g., in an HTTP header or as a cookie) made to the firstcentral server 109 as a means of authenticating the origin of therequest and hence the destination of the response. Once this token is inplace, the digital assistant 118 may roam from one wireless access point114 to another seamlessly.

Turning to FIG. 66, the medical device commissioning phase (i.e., serverregistration phase) of the process 6300 begins at block 6602 when thefirst central server 109 creates a medical device user account. Forexample, the medical device user account may be established usingMicrosoft Active Directory in a well-known manner. The first centralserver 109 then generates a digital certificate for the medical device120 at block 6604. The digital certificate may be generated in anymanner. For example, the digital certificate may be generated at thefirst central server 109 using Microsoft Digital Certificate Services ina well known manner. The digital certificate preferably includes themedical device's public key digitally signed using the first centralserver's private key. In other words, the first central server 109 isacting as the certification authority (CA) for the medical device'sdigital certificate. Once the digital certificate is generated, thefirst central server 109 maps the digital certificate to the useraccount at block 6606.

The medical device's digital certificate and the medical device'sprivate key are then sent by the first central server 109 at block 6608to the medical device 120 at block 6610.

Preferably, the medical device's digital certificate and the medicaldevice's private key are sent to the medical device 120 via a secureconnection such as an RS-232 cable that is not connected to any otherdevices. In addition, the first central server's digital certificate issent by the first central server 109 at block 6612 to the medical device120 at block 6614. Again, the first central server's digital certificateis preferably sent to the medical device 120 via a secure connectionsuch as an RS-232 cable that is not connected to any other devices. Atthis point, the medical device 120 is commissioned (i.e., registeredwith the server).

Of course, any method of communicating with the medical device 120 maybe used. In one example, the medical device's private key may be storedin a memory associated with the medical device 120 (e.g., an EPROM) atthe time the medical device 120 is manufactured. In addition, eachmedical device 120 may have the same private key, with differentidentification codes used to distinguish one medical device 120 fromanother.

Each time a commissioned medical device 120 is turned on, the medicaldevice 120 and the first central server 109 must perform anauthentication process in order to move from an unsecured wirelessconnection to a secured wireless connection. In the example illustratedin FIG. 67, the medical device 120 establishes an unsecured 802.11(wireless Ethernet) connection with the first central server 109 atblock 6702 and block 6704. Of course, any type of connection may beused, such as a wired connection or a connection using another protocol.

Next, at block 6706 the medical device 120 sends a request to the firstcentral server 109 to establish a secure connection. The first centralserver 109 receives the medical device's request to establish a secureconnection at block 6708. The first central server 109 responds to therequest to establish a secure connection at block 6710 by sending a copyof the first central server's digital certificate to the medical device120 over the unsecured connection. The medical device 120 receives thefirst central server's digital certificate at block 6712.

The medical device 120 uses the first central server's digitalcertificate to authenticate the first central server 109 at block 6714.In addition, at block 6716 the medical device 120 uses the first centralserver's digital certificate to retrieve an embedded uniform resourcelocator (URL) associated with the first central server 109. The medicaldevice 120 can now request data and services from the retrieved URLknowing it is talking to the real first central server 109.

Next, at block 6718 the first central server 109 sends a request to themedical device 120 to establish the other half of the secure connection.The medical device 120 receives the first central server's request atblock 6720. The medical device 120 responds to the request to establisha secure connection at block 6722 by sending a copy of the medicaldevice's digital certificate to the first central server 109. The firstcentral server 109 receives the medical device's digital certificate atblock 6724.

Turning to FIG. 68, the first central server 109 uses the medicaldevice's digital certificate to authenticate the medical device 120 atblock 6802. The first central server 109 can now communicate with themedical device 120 knowing it is talking to a commissioned medicaldevice 120. In addition, the first central server 109 establishes whatfiles this medical device 120 is authorized to access by mapping asession for the medical device user account to an active directory atblock 6804.

Now that the medical device 120 is communicating with the first centralserver 109 over a secure connection, and the medical device 120 iscleared to access certain files on the first central server 109, atblock 6806 the medical device 120 may establish a secure communicationsession with the first central server 109 by accessing the URL retrievedfrom the first central server's digital certificate. The first centralserver 109 also establishes the secure communication session at block6808. In addition, an application on the first central server 109verifies the medical device 120 belongs to the appropriate activedirectory at block 6810.

Although the medical device 120 may now be authenticated, the firstcentral server 109 still does not know the identity of the user usingthe medical device 120. In many instances, no user will be associatedwith a medical device 120. In some applications, this may be importantbecause some users may have different access rights than other users. Inaddition, a medical device may have different “roles.” For example, amedical device may have a “one-way communication” role or a “two-waycommunication” role. In this manner, a medical device 120 capable oftwo-way communication may be placed in a system that expects onlyone-way communication devices. Similarly, a system that is capable ofhandling both one-way communication devices and two-way communicationdevices may need to be told the type of device that is connected.

Accordingly, an application on the first central server 109 may requesta user name and password from the user of the medical device 120 atblock 6812. Once the medical device 120 receives the request for a username and password at block 6814, the medical device 120 retrieves a username and password from the user via a prompt on the medical device 120or an associated digital assistant display 118 a at block 6816. The username and password are then sent by the medical device 120 (or otherdevice) at block 6902 of FIG. 69 and received by the first centralserver 109 at block 6904. The application on the first central server109 may then authenticate the user at block 6906.

Once the user is authenticated on one server (e.g., the first centralserver 109), the authentication credentials may be used to automaticallyauthenticate the user on another server (e.g., second central server 108a). In one example, a user may only be authenticated if the user isauthenticated on both the first central server 109 and the secondcentral server 108 a.

Accordingly, the user name and password are preferably synchronizedbetween the first central server 109 and the second central server 108 awhenever a user name or password is created or modified.

After authenticating the user, the first central server 109 preferablyreturns a token that will be unique to the session between the user andthe first central server 109. This session token is passed with eachrequest (e.g., in an HTTP header or as a cookie) made to the firstcentral server 109 as a means of authenticating the origin of therequest and hence the destination of the response.

Secure one-way communications may now be sent from the medical device120 to the digital assistant 118. For example, the medical device 120may report settings, generate alarms, etc. In the example illustrated,the medical device 120 determines data to be sent to the digitalassistant 118 via the first central server 109 at block 6908. This datais then sent to the first central server 109 at block 6910 and receivedby the first central server 109 at block 6912. The first central server109 may then determine which user(s) are authorized to receive this dataat block 6914 and which digital assistant(s) 118 those users arecurrently associated with at block 6916. For example, a lookup tablestored in the first central server 109 database may be used.

The first central server 109 then sends the data to the appropriatedigital assistant(s) 118 at block 6918 and the digital assistant(s) 118receive and display the data at block 6920. In addition, secure two-waycommunications may be accomplished. For example, a digital assistant 118and/or the first central server 109 may send data, commands, setupinformation, or any other type of information to the medical device 120.

It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of thepresent invention, particularly, any “preferred” embodiments, arepossible examples of implementations, merely set forth for a clearunderstanding of the principles of the invention. Many variations andmodifications may be made to the above-described embodiment(s) of theinvention without substantially departing from the spirit and principlesof the invention. All such modifications are intended to be includedherein within the scope of this disclosure and the present invention andprotected by the following claims.

The invention is claimed as follows:
 1. A networked patient care systemcomprising: an infusion pump communicatively coupled to a hospitalnetwork and configured to perform an infusion treatment on a patient,determine infusion pump data related to the infusion treatment,integrate a patient identifier associated with the patient within theinfusion pump data, and transmit the infusion pump data and the patientidentifier to the hospital network; a dialysis machine communicativelycoupled to the hospital network and configured to perform a dialysistreatment on the same patient, determine dialysis machine data relatedto the dialysis treatment, integrate the patient identifier within thedialysis machine data, and transmit the dialysis machine data and thepatient identifier to the hospital network; and a server communicativelycoupled to the infusion pump and the dialysis machine via the hospitalnetwork and configured to: receive the infusion pump data from thehospital network, receive the dialysis machine data from the hospitalnetwork, determine that the infusion pump data is related to thedialysis machine data based on the patient identifier, determine adisplay device that is to receive the infusion pump data and thedialysis machine data, and transmit the infusion pump data and thedialysis machine data to the determined display device and cause thedisplay device to display the infusion pump data and the dialysismachine data.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the infusion pump dataand the dialysis machine data are each displayed by the display devicein a time graph.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the infusion pumpdata includes an infusion rate and the dialysis machine data includes anultrafiltration rate.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the infusionpump data includes at least one of (i) a drug name of the fluid infusedinto the patient, (ii) a total amount of fluid infused into the patient,(iii) an amount of time remaining for the infusion treatment, (iv) anevent associated with the infusion treatment, or (v) a drug limit forthe infusion treatment.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the dialysismachine data includes at least one of (i) a dialysis fluid flow rate,(ii) a total amount of fluid removed from the patient, (iii) an amountof time remaining for the dialysis treatment, or (iv) an eventassociated with the dialysis treatment.
 6. The system of claim 1,wherein the server is configured to: determine an alarm based on atleast one of the infusion pump data or the dialysis machine dataexceeding a threshold; and transmit the alarm to at least one of theinfusion pump, the dialysis machine, or the display device.
 7. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the server is configured to: determine apatient condition based on the infusion pump data in conjunction withthe dialysis machine data; and transmit a message including anotification indicative of the determined patient condition to at leastone of the infusion pump, the dialysis machine, or the display device.8. The system of claim 1, wherein the infusion treatment includes aheparin infusion; the dialysis machine data provides patient bloodglucose data; and the server is configured to (i) use at least oneheparin infusion protocol to determine whether an alert is to begenerated as a result of new blood glucose data, (ii) responsive todetermining that an alert is to be generated in (i): (a) determine atitration volume to be delivered by the infusion pump for the infusiontreatment, (b) transmit a message including the alert to at least one ofthe infusion pump, the dialysis machine, or the display device, and (c)transmit the determined titration volume to at least one of the infusionpump, the dialysis machine, or the display device.
 9. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the server includes a first data listener interfaceconfigured to receive the infusion pump data and a second data listenerinterface configured to receive the dialysis machine data.
 10. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the server is configured to communicate withat least one of the infusion pump, the dialysis machine, or the displaydevice via a web service.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein at leastone of (i) the dialysis machine and the infusion pump are configured toperform their respective treatments concurrently, or (ii) the displaydevice is caused to display the infusion pump data and the dialysismachine data concurrently.
 12. A centralized hospital server apparatuscomprising: a first interface configured to receive infusion pump datafrom an infusion pump, the infusion pump data related to an infusiontreatment performed on a patient and including a patient identifier; asecond interface configured to receive dialysis machine data from adialysis machine, the dialysis machine data related to a dialysistreatment performed on the same patient and including the patientidentifier; a third interface configured to receive a request messagefrom a display device, the request message associated with the patientand including the patient identifier; and a hardware processorcommunicatively coupled to the first interface, the second interface,and the third interface the hardware processor in communication with amemory storing instructions, which when executed, cause the hardwareprocessor to determine the infusion pump data is related to the dialysismachine data based on the matching patient identifier, and transmit theinfusion pump data and the dialysis machine data to the requestingdisplay device and cause the display device to display the infusion pumpdata and the dialysis machine data.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12,wherein the memory includes instructions that when executed cause thehardware processor to validate (i) operating parameters for the infusionpump that specify the infusion treatment and (ii) operating parametersfor the dialysis machine that specify the dialysis treatment.
 14. Theapparatus of claim 13, wherein the memory includes instructions thatwhen executed cause the hardware processor to confirm that the operatingparameters related to the infusion treatment in combination with theoperating parameters related to the dialysis treatment will not createan adverse reaction in the patient.
 15. The apparatus of claim 13,wherein the memory includes instructions that when executed cause thehardware processor to access an electronic medical record of the patientto compare patient physiological data in combination with (i) theoperating parameters related to the infusion treatment and (ii) theoperating parameters related to the dialysis treatment to one or morelimit to determine whether the patient will experience an adversereaction.
 16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the memory includesinstructions that when executed cause the hardware processor to performdrug-to-drug incompatibility by comparing a first substance specified inthe operating parameters related to the infusion treatment to a secondsubstance specified in the operating parameters related to the dialysistreatment.
 17. A networked patient care system comprising: an infusionpump communicatively coupled to a hospital network and configured toperform an infusion treatment on a patient, determine infusion pump datarelated to the infusion treatment, integrate a patient identifierassociated with the patient within the infusion pump data, and transmitthe infusion pump data and the patient identifier to the hospitalnetwork; a dialysis machine communicatively coupled to the hospitalnetwork and configured to perform a dialysis treatment on the samepatient, determine dialysis machine data related to the dialysistreatment, integrate the patient identifier within the dialysis machinedata, and transmit the dialysis machine data and the patient identifierto the hospital network; a sensor communicatively coupled to thehospital network via at least one of the infusion pump or the dialysismachine, the sensor configured to perform a measurement on the patientundergoing the infusion treatment and the dialysis treatment, andtransmit data associated with the measurement to the hospital network;and a server communicatively coupled to the infusion pump, the dialysismachine, and the sensor via the hospital network and configured to:receive the infusion pump data from the hospital network, receive thedialysis machine data from the hospital network, receive the measurementdata from the hospital network, determine that the infusion pump data isrelated to the dialysis machine data and the measurement data, determinea display device that is to receive the infusion pump data, the dialysismachine data, and the measurement data, and transmit the infusion pumpdata, the dialysis machine data, and the measurement data to thedetermined display device and cause the display device to display theinfusion pump data, the dialysis machine data, and the measurement data.18. The system of claim 17, wherein the sensor is configured to measureat least one hemodynamic monitoring parameter of the patient, and theserver is configured to link the at least one hemodynamic monitoringparameter to the infusion pump data and generate at least one messageincluding the infusion pump data in combination with the at least onehemodynamic monitoring parameter.
 19. The system of claim 17, whereinthe sensor is configured to measure at least one vital sign of thepatient.
 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the server is furtherconfigured to: determine a change in the at least one vital sign;determine at least one infusion pump data or dialysis machine data thatcorresponds to the change in the at least one vital sign; generate anotification using a script that includes an indication of the at leastone change in the vital sign, the determined infusion pump data, or thedetermined dialysis machine data; and transmit a message including thenotification to the display device.
 21. The system of claim 20, whereinthe server is configured to transmit the message to at least one of theinfusion pump, the dialysis machine, and a vital sign monitor.
 22. Thesystem of claim 17, wherein at least one of (i) the dialysis machine andthe infusion pump are configured to perform their respective treatmentsconcurrently, or (ii) the display device is caused to display theinfusion pump data, the dialysis machine data, and the measurement dataconcurrently.